Bioremediation technologies for cleaning up chlorinated-hydrocarbon contaminated sites—a review

doi:10.13745/j.esf.sf.2023.8.21

Abstract

Abstract:

Chlorinated hydrocarbons (CAHs) are widely used as raw materials in industrial and agricultural productions, and their improper disposal and accidental leakage has made it one of the most common toxic and harmful contaminants in soil and groundwater, posing serious risks to human health and the environment. Bioremediation is ideal for the treatment of chlorinated hydrocarbon pollution due to its green, economic, efficiency, and no-secondary-pollution advantages. This paper first summarizes the physical and chemical properties of CAH, CAH transport in the environment, and CAH biodegradation mechanisms, and reviews research progress on bioremediation technologies (biostimulation, bioaugmetation and combined technology) for CAH polluted environment, as well as on mechanisms of bacterial degradation and transformation, with examples of bioremediation testing conducted at different scales, from laboratory to pilot testing. The paper then discusses factors influencing the effectiveness of bioremediation technology for CAH pollution management. Finally, the paper discusses the challenges in bioremediation of CAH contaminated sites and future research to address these challenges, which include mining and analyzing low-abundance CAH-degrading bacteria using single-cell technology (microporous chips, extreme dilution, etc.), developing efficient combined technology such as combining solar heating with in-situ bioremediation, and strengthening research on the factors affecting the remediation outcomes, in order to provide technical support for efficient and green treatment of CAHs pollution.

Key words: chlorinated hydrocarbons, pollution, physical and chemical properties, migration and transformation, biodegradation mechanism, bioremediation technology

CLC Number:

ZHENG Jiarui, LENG Wenpeng, WANG Jiajia, ZHI Liqin, WANG Shuo, LI Jiabin, GUO Peng, WEI Wenxia, SONG Yun. Bioremediation technologies for cleaning up chlorinated-hydrocarbon contaminated sites—a review[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 2024, 31(2): 157-172.

Figures/Tables 4

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氯代烃		缩写	分子量/ (g·mol^-1)	密度ρ/ (g·mL^-1)	溶解度S/ (mg·L^-1)	蒸气压 p⁰/(133.322 Pa)	亨利常数K_H/ (101.325×10^-3 kPa·m³·mol^-1)	辛醇-水分配系数值的常用对数lgK_ow
氯代甲烷	氯甲烷	CM	50.5	0.92	5 235	4 275	9.6	0.91
	二氯甲烷	DCM	84.9	1.33	13 200	415	1.7	1.25
	三氯甲烷	CF	119.4	1.49	8 200	196.8	3.8	1.97
	四氯化碳	CT	153.8	1.59	800	153.8	28.9	2.64
氯代乙烷	氯乙烷	CA	64.5	0.90	5 700	120	1.8	1.43
	1,2-二氯乙烷	1,2-DCA	99.0	1.25	8 606	79.0	1.2	1.48
	1,1,2-三氯乙烷	1,1,2-TCA	133.4	1.44	4 394	24.2	0.96	2.38
	1,1,1,2-四氯乙烷	1,1,1,2-TeCA	167.9	1.54	1 100	11.9	2.4
氯代丙烷	1,2-二氯丙烷	1,2-DCP	112.99	1.156	2 800	53.9	2.74	1.99
氯代丙烷	1,2,3-三氯丙烷	1,2,3-TCP	147.43	1.387	1 750	3.1	34.5	2.27
氯代乙烯	氯乙烯	VC	62.5	0.91	2 763	2 660	79.2	1.38
	顺式-1,2-二氯乙烯	cis-DCE	96.9	1.28	3 500	203	7.4	1.86
	反式-1,2-二氯乙烯	trans-DCE	96.9	1.26	6 260	333	6.8	1.93
	三氯乙烯	TCE	131.4	1.46	1 100	74.2	11.7	2.53
	四氯乙烯	PCE	165.8	1.63	150	18.1	26.3	2.88
氯代芳烃	氯苯	CB	112.56	1.106	497.9	11.8	3.79	2.84
	1,2-二氯苯	1,2-DCB	147	1.306	91	1.56	1.92	3.38
	1,4-二氯苯	1,4-DCB	147	1.241	174	1.03	1.88	3.38
	1,2,3-三氯苯	1,2,3-TCB	181.45	1.69		0.07	26.5	4.139
	1,3,5-三氯苯	1,3,5-TCB	181.45	1.45		0.58	5.24	4.04
	六氯苯	HCB	284.79	1.8	0.005		6.11	5.5

氯代烃		缩写	分子量/ (g·mol^-1)	密度ρ/ (g·mL^-1)	溶解度S/ (mg·L^-1)	蒸气压 p⁰/(133.322 Pa)	亨利常数K_H/ (101.325×10^-3 kPa·m³·mol^-1)	辛醇-水分配系数值的常用对数lgK_ow
氯代甲烷	氯甲烷	CM	50.5	0.92	5 235	4 275	9.6	0.91
	二氯甲烷	DCM	84.9	1.33	13 200	415	1.7	1.25
	三氯甲烷	CF	119.4	1.49	8 200	196.8	3.8	1.97
	四氯化碳	CT	153.8	1.59	800	153.8	28.9	2.64
氯代乙烷	氯乙烷	CA	64.5	0.90	5 700	120	1.8	1.43
	1,2-二氯乙烷	1,2-DCA	99.0	1.25	8 606	79.0	1.2	1.48
	1,1,2-三氯乙烷	1,1,2-TCA	133.4	1.44	4 394	24.2	0.96	2.38
	1,1,1,2-四氯乙烷	1,1,1,2-TeCA	167.9	1.54	1 100	11.9	2.4
氯代丙烷	1,2-二氯丙烷	1,2-DCP	112.99	1.156	2 800	53.9	2.74	1.99
氯代丙烷	1,2,3-三氯丙烷	1,2,3-TCP	147.43	1.387	1 750	3.1	34.5	2.27
氯代乙烯	氯乙烯	VC	62.5	0.91	2 763	2 660	79.2	1.38
	顺式-1,2-二氯乙烯	cis-DCE	96.9	1.28	3 500	203	7.4	1.86
	反式-1,2-二氯乙烯	trans-DCE	96.9	1.26	6 260	333	6.8	1.93
	三氯乙烯	TCE	131.4	1.46	1 100	74.2	11.7	2.53
	四氯乙烯	PCE	165.8	1.63	150	18.1	26.3	2.88
氯代芳烃	氯苯	CB	112.56	1.106	497.9	11.8	3.79	2.84
	1,2-二氯苯	1,2-DCB	147	1.306	91	1.56	1.92	3.38
	1,4-二氯苯	1,4-DCB	147	1.241	174	1.03	1.88	3.38
	1,2,3-三氯苯	1,2,3-TCB	181.45	1.69		0.07	26.5	4.139
	1,3,5-三氯苯	1,3,5-TCB	181.45	1.45		0.58	5.24	4.04
	六氯苯	HCB	284.79	1.8	0.005		6.11	5.5

污染物	微生物	微生物生长温度/℃ (pH)	需/厌氧	菌株分离位点	降解效果
c-1,2-DCE/ t-1,2-DCE	Achromobacter xylosoxidans strain 2002-55549^[92]	30(7.0)	需氧	非洲污染土壤	7 d降解效率可达75%
CB	Acinetobacter sp. CB001^[76]	25(7.2)	需氧	吉林石化公司污水处理厂好氧活性污泥	120 h后降解效率达到98.2%
CH₃Cl	Bacillus(GBB416)^[67]	26(7.0)	需氧	尼日利亚奥巴费米阿沃罗沃大学垃圾场表层土	在4 h左右微生物可达到生长最高峰
c-1,2-DCE	Burkholderia sp.^[87]	35(7.5)	需氧	尼日利亚和南非的工厂和生活垃圾场周围污染土壤	降解效率可达59%
c-1,2-DCE	Corynebacterium sp.^[87]		需氧	尼日利亚和南非的工厂和生活垃圾场周围污染土壤	降解效率可达86%
CB	Delftia tsuruhatensis LW26^[77]	30(7.2)	需氧	生物滴滤塔中生物膜	24 h后去除率达99%以上
1,2,3-TCB	Enterobacter sp. SA-2^[68]	25(7.0)	需氧	尼日利亚变压器车间中深度约10 cm土壤	19 h后降解效率可达84%
1,4-DCB	Flavobacterium sp. DEB-1^[66]	30(7.8)	需氧	常州化工厂污水处理曝气池中活性污泥	24 h后降解效率可达 80%以上
c-1,2-DCE/ t-1,2-DCE	Klebsiella sp. HL1^[92]	30(7.0)	需氧	非洲污染土壤	7 d降解效率分别可达 75.00%和71.83%
VC	Mycobacterium strain JS623^[88]	30(7.2)	需氧	沙质花园土壤
1,1,2-TCA	Rhodococcus sp. PB1^[89]	30	需氧	混合菌群	最终降解效率可达90%以上
VC	Pseudomonas EA1^[90]	22	需氧	厄巴纳州、伊利诺斯州污水处理厂活性污泥混合培养物	降解效率可达98.4%以上
TCE	Variovorax spp.^[60]	22~24	需氧	污染场地深度2.4~2.7 m和 3.7~8.2 m土壤和白云石	100 d降解效率可达约90%
TCE	Dehalococcoides ethenogenes strain 195^[49,91]	34	厌氧	污水处理厂厌氧反应器中消化器污泥	TCE 20 d可单独完全降解、共培养7 d可降解

污染物	微生物	微生物生长温度/℃ (pH)	需/厌氧	菌株分离位点	降解效果
c-1,2-DCE/ t-1,2-DCE	Achromobacter xylosoxidans strain 2002-55549^[92]	30(7.0)	需氧	非洲污染土壤	7 d降解效率可达75%
CB	Acinetobacter sp. CB001^[76]	25(7.2)	需氧	吉林石化公司污水处理厂好氧活性污泥	120 h后降解效率达到98.2%
CH₃Cl	Bacillus(GBB416)^[67]	26(7.0)	需氧	尼日利亚奥巴费米阿沃罗沃大学垃圾场表层土	在4 h左右微生物可达到生长最高峰
c-1,2-DCE	Burkholderia sp.^[87]	35(7.5)	需氧	尼日利亚和南非的工厂和生活垃圾场周围污染土壤	降解效率可达59%
c-1,2-DCE	Corynebacterium sp.^[87]		需氧	尼日利亚和南非的工厂和生活垃圾场周围污染土壤	降解效率可达86%
CB	Delftia tsuruhatensis LW26^[77]	30(7.2)	需氧	生物滴滤塔中生物膜	24 h后去除率达99%以上
1,2,3-TCB	Enterobacter sp. SA-2^[68]	25(7.0)	需氧	尼日利亚变压器车间中深度约10 cm土壤	19 h后降解效率可达84%
1,4-DCB	Flavobacterium sp. DEB-1^[66]	30(7.8)	需氧	常州化工厂污水处理曝气池中活性污泥	24 h后降解效率可达 80%以上
c-1,2-DCE/ t-1,2-DCE	Klebsiella sp. HL1^[92]	30(7.0)	需氧	非洲污染土壤	7 d降解效率分别可达 75.00%和71.83%
VC	Mycobacterium strain JS623^[88]	30(7.2)	需氧	沙质花园土壤
1,1,2-TCA	Rhodococcus sp. PB1^[89]	30	需氧	混合菌群	最终降解效率可达90%以上
VC	Pseudomonas EA1^[90]	22	需氧	厄巴纳州、伊利诺斯州污水处理厂活性污泥混合培养物	降解效率可达98.4%以上
TCE	Variovorax spp.^[60]	22~24	需氧	污染场地深度2.4~2.7 m和 3.7~8.2 m土壤和白云石	100 d降解效率可达约90%
TCE	Dehalococcoides ethenogenes strain 195^[49,91]	34	厌氧	污水处理厂厌氧反应器中消化器污泥	TCE 20 d可单独完全降解、共培养7 d可降解