Deformed zone hosted gold deposits in the China-Kazakhstan-Kyrgyzstan-Uzbekistan Tian Shan: metallogenic environment, controlling parameters, and prospecting criteria

doi:10.13745/j.esf.sf.2020.3.23

Abstract

Abstract:

Tian Shan is the world's second largest gold ore cluster and hosts an array of world-class and large/superlarge gold deposits. It constitutes a giant cross-border gold metallogenic belt that extends westward from Central Xingjiang, China to Uzbekistan, via southeastern Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan. What metallogenic settings have been responsible for the large-scale gold mineralization of the Tian Shan giant gold belt? What are the key factors controlling gold mineralization? What are the criteria for gold prospecting in Tian Shan giant gold belt? All of these are crucial geological and prospecting problems that have become the focus of the academics and mining industry. Based on an extensive and thorough literature review, along with comprehensive field investigations on the geology and gold deposits of Tian Shan orogen, this paper suggests that the large-scale gold mineralization of Tian Shan had formed during a terrane assembling deformation subsequent to the final closure of the paleo-Asian Ocean in the Late Carboniferous-Early Permian. On the other hand, minor gold mineralization had formed during intracontinental strike-slip deformation in the Middle-Late Permian. The large brittle/ductile-brittle deformation zones, situated near the tectonic sutures of the northern and southern margins of the Middle Tian Shan, are the key factors controlling the large-scale gold mineralization of Tian Shan. Multistage overprinting mineralization is a significant feature of the Tian Shan deformed zone-hosted gold deposits. The crustal initial enrichment, structural deformation activation, and magmatic-hydrothermal overprinting are the main factors controlling the Tian Shan deformed zone-hosted gold deposits. Fine-grained carbonaceous clastic rocks, ductile-brittle deformed zones, and late Hercynian granitic intrusions are the key prospecting criteria for the deformed zone-hosted gold deposits in the China-Kazakhstan-Kyrgyzstan-Uzbekistan Tian Shan gold ore belt.

Key words: large gold deposit, large-scale deformed zone, terrane assembling deformation, intracontinental strike-slip deformation, China-Kazakhstan-Kyrgyzstan-Uzbekistan Tian Shan

CLC Number:

P618.51
P611

XUE Chunji, ZHAO Xiaobo, ZHAO Weice, ZHAO Yun, ZHANG Guozhen, Bakhtiar NURTAEV, Nikolay PAK, MO Xuanxue. Deformed zone hosted gold deposits in the China-Kazakhstan-Kyrgyzstan-Uzbekistan Tian Shan: metallogenic environment, controlling parameters, and prospecting criteria[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 2020, 27(2): 294-319.

Figures/Tables 15

References 160

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金矿床	国家	储量/t	品位/(g·t^-1)	成矿环境	控矿构造样式与性质
穆龙套	乌	6 137	3.5	陆块拼贴变形带	D₂期南北向强烈挤压与缩短和D₃期左行韧性剪切变形	奥陶—志留系别萨潘组含碳浊积岩系	(287.1±4.6) Ma (Rb-Sr),(292±8) Ma (U-Pb)	黄铁矿、毒砂、自然金、白钨矿	(287.5±1.7) Ma (毒砂,Re-Os)	[10,108-111]
科克巴塔斯	乌	150	7.5	陆块拼贴变形带	D₃期北东向左行韧性剪切变形	奥陶—志留系别萨潘组含碳浊积岩系		黄铁矿、毒砂、辉锑矿	早二叠世 (?)	[17,33-34]
阿曼泰套	乌	120	1.3	陆块拼贴变形带	D₃期北东向左行韧性剪切变形	奥陶—志留系别萨潘组含碳浊积岩系		黄铁矿、毒砂、辉锑矿	早二叠世 (?)	[17,33-34,112]
道吉兹套	乌	180	4.0	陆块拼贴变形带	D₃期北东向左行韧性剪切变形	奥陶—志留系别萨潘组含碳浊积岩系		黄铁矿、毒砂、黄铜矿	早二叠世 (?)	[17,34]
扎尔米坦	乌	314	9.8	陆块拼贴变形带	北西西向高角度左行走滑断裂	志留系变沉积岩系及侵入其中的石英二长斑岩	(286±2) Ma (U-Pb)	黄铁矿、毒砂、碲化铋	约286 Ma (黄铁矿,Re-Os)	[12,33-34,106]
库姆托尔	吉	1 100	4.4	陆块拼贴变形带	北东走向逆冲推覆构造及构造混杂岩带	新元古界文德系含碳浊积岩系	(296.7±4.2) Ma (U-Pb)	黄铁矿、白钨矿、自然金	288~284 Ma (绢云母,Ar/Ar)	[11,34,113]
查尔库拉	哈	100	10~15	陆块拼贴变形带	北东走向逆冲推覆构造及构造混杂岩带	新元古界文德系含碳浊积岩系		黄铁矿、白钨矿、自然金	早二叠世 (?)	[14]
萨瓦亚尔顿	中	127	2.0	陆块拼贴变形带	北东向韧-脆性剪切带,南西走向,倾向北西	泥盆—石炭系含碳浊积岩系	(207.5±4.2) Ma (K/Ar)	黄铁矿、毒砂、磁黄铁矿	(323.9±4.8) Ma (282±12) Ma (黄铁矿,Re-Os)	[114-116]
阿万达	中	11.6	1.8	陆块拼贴变形带	东西向韧-脆性剪切带,倾向北西	泥盆—石炭系含碳浊积岩系	(298±15) Ma (U-Pb)	黄铁矿、毒砂、磁黄铁矿	早二叠世 (?)	[117-119]
卡特巴阿苏	中	87	3.8	陆块拼贴变形带	D₁南北向缩短导致的次级北东东向逆冲断层系及相关张性-张扭性裂隙系统	石炭纪二长花岗岩、花岗闪长岩和闪长岩	(345.5±2.6) Ma (U-Pb),(340.1±1.8) Ma (U-Pb),(342.4±3.6) Ma (U-Pb)	黄铁矿、黄铜矿、自然金	(310.9±4.2) Ma(黄铁矿,Re-Os)(322.5±6.8) Ma(黄铁矿,Rb-Sr)	[16,120-123]
阿拉斯托	中	9.4	3.0	陆块拼贴变形带	北东向脆-韧性断层	石炭纪花岗闪长岩	(350.3±3.0) Ma (U-Pb)	黄铁矿、磁黄铁矿、黄铜矿	(327.7±2.9) Ma(黄铁矿,Re-Os)	[124-125]
萨日达拉	中	10	2.8	陆块拼贴变形带	北西西向韧性剪切带	新元古代变沉积岩及侵入其中的志留纪花岗岩	(441.6±3.8) Ma (U-Pb)	黄铁矿、自然金、磁黄铁矿	(337.6±1.7) Ma(绢云母,Ar/Ar)	[126-127]
望峰	中	3	9.0	陆块拼贴变形带	北西西向韧性剪切带	志留纪二长花岗岩	(439.9±2.2) Ma (U-Pb)	黄铁矿、自然金、磁黄铁矿	早石炭世 (?)	[128]
康古尔	中	40	9.9	陆内走滑变形带	北北东向右行走滑剪切	石炭纪雅满苏组中酸性火山岩及碎屑岩	(282±16) Ma (Rb-Sr)	黄铁矿、黄铜矿、自然金	(261.0 ± 1.0) Ma(绢云母,Ar/Ar)	[129-131]
红石	中	5.4	5.0	陆内走滑变形带	北北东向右行走滑剪切	石炭纪干敦组海相沉积夹少量火山建造	(337.6±4.5)Ma (U-Pb)	黄铁矿、黄铜矿、自然金	(257.0±4.0) Ma(包裹体 Rb-Sr)	[132-133]
左岸	吉	130	6.9	俯冲增生变形带	北北西向塔尔迪布拉克韧-脆性剪切带,倾向南西	新元古代片岩和绿片岩	(435.3±3.8) Ma (U-Pb),(427.7±1.9) Ma (U-Pb)	黄铁矿、黄铜矿、自然金、银金矿	(511±18) Ma (黄铁矿,Re-Os)	[134-135]

金矿床	国家	储量/t	品位/(g·t^-1)	成矿环境	控矿构造样式与性质
穆龙套	乌	6 137	3.5	陆块拼贴变形带	D₂期南北向强烈挤压与缩短和D₃期左行韧性剪切变形	奥陶—志留系别萨潘组含碳浊积岩系	(287.1±4.6) Ma (Rb-Sr),(292±8) Ma (U-Pb)	黄铁矿、毒砂、自然金、白钨矿	(287.5±1.7) Ma (毒砂,Re-Os)	[10,108-111]
科克巴塔斯	乌	150	7.5	陆块拼贴变形带	D₃期北东向左行韧性剪切变形	奥陶—志留系别萨潘组含碳浊积岩系		黄铁矿、毒砂、辉锑矿	早二叠世 (?)	[17,33-34]
阿曼泰套	乌	120	1.3	陆块拼贴变形带	D₃期北东向左行韧性剪切变形	奥陶—志留系别萨潘组含碳浊积岩系		黄铁矿、毒砂、辉锑矿	早二叠世 (?)	[17,33-34,112]
道吉兹套	乌	180	4.0	陆块拼贴变形带	D₃期北东向左行韧性剪切变形	奥陶—志留系别萨潘组含碳浊积岩系		黄铁矿、毒砂、黄铜矿	早二叠世 (?)	[17,34]
扎尔米坦	乌	314	9.8	陆块拼贴变形带	北西西向高角度左行走滑断裂	志留系变沉积岩系及侵入其中的石英二长斑岩	(286±2) Ma (U-Pb)	黄铁矿、毒砂、碲化铋	约286 Ma (黄铁矿,Re-Os)	[12,33-34,106]
库姆托尔	吉	1 100	4.4	陆块拼贴变形带	北东走向逆冲推覆构造及构造混杂岩带	新元古界文德系含碳浊积岩系	(296.7±4.2) Ma (U-Pb)	黄铁矿、白钨矿、自然金	288~284 Ma (绢云母,Ar/Ar)	[11,34,113]
查尔库拉	哈	100	10~15	陆块拼贴变形带	北东走向逆冲推覆构造及构造混杂岩带	新元古界文德系含碳浊积岩系		黄铁矿、白钨矿、自然金	早二叠世 (?)	[14]
萨瓦亚尔顿	中	127	2.0	陆块拼贴变形带	北东向韧-脆性剪切带,南西走向,倾向北西	泥盆—石炭系含碳浊积岩系	(207.5±4.2) Ma (K/Ar)	黄铁矿、毒砂、磁黄铁矿	(323.9±4.8) Ma (282±12) Ma (黄铁矿,Re-Os)	[114-116]
阿万达	中	11.6	1.8	陆块拼贴变形带	东西向韧-脆性剪切带,倾向北西	泥盆—石炭系含碳浊积岩系	(298±15) Ma (U-Pb)	黄铁矿、毒砂、磁黄铁矿	早二叠世 (?)	[117-119]
卡特巴阿苏	中	87	3.8	陆块拼贴变形带	D₁南北向缩短导致的次级北东东向逆冲断层系及相关张性-张扭性裂隙系统	石炭纪二长花岗岩、花岗闪长岩和闪长岩	(345.5±2.6) Ma (U-Pb),(340.1±1.8) Ma (U-Pb),(342.4±3.6) Ma (U-Pb)	黄铁矿、黄铜矿、自然金	(310.9±4.2) Ma(黄铁矿,Re-Os)(322.5±6.8) Ma(黄铁矿,Rb-Sr)	[16,120-123]
阿拉斯托	中	9.4	3.0	陆块拼贴变形带	北东向脆-韧性断层	石炭纪花岗闪长岩	(350.3±3.0) Ma (U-Pb)	黄铁矿、磁黄铁矿、黄铜矿	(327.7±2.9) Ma(黄铁矿,Re-Os)	[124-125]
萨日达拉	中	10	2.8	陆块拼贴变形带	北西西向韧性剪切带	新元古代变沉积岩及侵入其中的志留纪花岗岩	(441.6±3.8) Ma (U-Pb)	黄铁矿、自然金、磁黄铁矿	(337.6±1.7) Ma(绢云母,Ar/Ar)	[126-127]
望峰	中	3	9.0	陆块拼贴变形带	北西西向韧性剪切带	志留纪二长花岗岩	(439.9±2.2) Ma (U-Pb)	黄铁矿、自然金、磁黄铁矿	早石炭世 (?)	[128]
康古尔	中	40	9.9	陆内走滑变形带	北北东向右行走滑剪切	石炭纪雅满苏组中酸性火山岩及碎屑岩	(282±16) Ma (Rb-Sr)	黄铁矿、黄铜矿、自然金	(261.0 ± 1.0) Ma(绢云母,Ar/Ar)	[129-131]
红石	中	5.4	5.0	陆内走滑变形带	北北东向右行走滑剪切	石炭纪干敦组海相沉积夹少量火山建造	(337.6±4.5)Ma (U-Pb)	黄铁矿、黄铜矿、自然金	(257.0±4.0) Ma(包裹体 Rb-Sr)	[132-133]
左岸	吉	130	6.9	俯冲增生变形带	北北西向塔尔迪布拉克韧-脆性剪切带,倾向南西	新元古代片岩和绿片岩	(435.3±3.8) Ma (U-Pb),(427.7±1.9) Ma (U-Pb)	黄铁矿、黄铜矿、自然金、银金矿	(511±18) Ma (黄铁矿,Re-Os)	[134-135]