The orogenic Au mineralization system and regional tectonic evolution in the Kalamaili area, East Junggar, Xinjiang

doi:10.13745/j.esf.sf.2020.3.21

Abstract

Abstract:

Au deposits, including the Jinshuiquan, Shuangquan, Nanmingshui, and East Sujiquan Au deposits in the Kalamaili area of eastern Junggar, Xinjiang, constitute a mineralization system related to the late Paleozoic collisional orogeny. The deposits are sandwiched between the regional Kalamaili and Qingshui-Sujiquan faults. Au mineralization is controlled by the subsidiary brittle-ductile faults in slightly metamorphosed, late Paleozoic volcanic sedimentary rocks, and typically occurs as medium-to-steep dipping auriferous quartz veins and surrounding altered rocks. Fluid inclusions, H-O-S-Pb isotopes, and hydrothermal zircon U-Pb dating indicate that the ore-forming fluids are characterized by medium-to-high temperature (mostly 240-330 ℃), low salinity (<6 wt% NaCl_eq), and CO₂-rich metamorphic water. The ore-forming material was sourced from host volcanic sedimentary rocks. Fluid immiscibility (phase separation) and fluid-rock interaction (wall-rock sulfidation) are the principal mechanisms of Au deposition. The timing of mineralization was approximately 314 Ma, and mineralization depths ranged from 7 to 15 km. From the Late Carboniferous to Early Permian, the transition of the tectonic system from compression to strike-slip or strike-slip extension in the study area resulted in the migration of deep metamorphic auriferous CO₂-H₂O-NaCl±CH₄ fluids to shallower depths along NW- to EW-trending strike-slip faults. Au precipitation in the subsidiary faults of the brittle-ductile transition zone or brittle deformation zone led to the formation of auriferous quartz veins and related altered rock ores.

Key words: orogenic gold deposits, mineralization system, regional tectonic evolution, Kalamaili, eastern Junggar, Xinjiang

CLC Number:

GU Xuexiang, ZHANG Yongmei, GE Zhanlin, CHEN Weizhi, XU Jingchi, HUANG Gang, TAO Wei. The orogenic Au mineralization system and regional tectonic evolution in the Kalamaili area, East Junggar, Xinjiang[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 2020, 27(2): 254-275.

Figures/Tables 17

Fig.1 Maps showing major tectonic units of North Xinjiang (a), plate tectonic pattern (b) and regional geology (c) in Kalamaili area. Modified after [1-2].

Fig.2 Simplified geological map (a) and cross-section of prospecting line 55 (b) in the Jinshuiquan Au deposit

Fig.3 Characteristics of ore bodies and ores in the Jinshuiquan Au deposit

Fig.4 Simplified geological map (a) and ore body cross-section (b) of the Shuangquan Au deposit. Modified from [14].

Fig.5 Characteristics of ore bodies and ores in the Shuangquan Au deposit

Fig.6 Simplified geological map of the Nanmingshui Au deposit (a) and measured profiles of No.4 and No.7 Au occurrences (b and c)

Fig.7 Characteristics of ore bodies and ores in the Nanmingshui Au deposit

Fig.8 Petrographic feature of fluid inclusions of quartz vein in typical Au deposits

Table 1 Test results of microthermometric and salinity of fluid inclusions from typical Au deposits in Kalamaili area

Table 2 Hydrogen and oxygen isotopic composition of quartz from typical Au deposits in the study area

矿床	样品号	δ¹⁸O_石英/‰	δ $D H 2 O$ /‰	δ¹⁸ $O H 2 O$ /‰	T_h/℃	数据来源
金水泉	ZK2301-8	18.9	-81	11.4	284	本文
	JSQZK802-25	21.8	-81	14.3	284
	JSQTC81501-6	16.9	-96	9.4	284
	L1565	19.2	-62	7.2	195	文献[22]
	L1566	18.7	-64	6.5	193	文献[22]
双泉	SQPM2-20	21.0	-94	9.6	205	本文
	SQD-62	17.5	-97	5.9	201	文献[23]
	SQD-31	15.5	-98	4.2	207	文献[23]
南明水	NMS4-29	14.1	-95	6.0	269	本文
	NMS4-30	19.0	-92	10.9	269
	NMS7-06	14.8	-82	6.0	253
	NMS7-07	19.7	-99	10.9	253
	L1504	18.1	-88	11.6	312	文献[22]
	L1598	16.9	-78	4.0	183
	L1506	11.6	-80	2.3	243
	SQD-84	13.3	-99	4.6	256	文献[23]
	6N-53	13.9	-63	5.2	255	文献[24]
苏吉泉东	SJQDPM1-25	17.0	-97	10.5	310	本文
苏吉泉东	SJQDPM1-26	17.2	-95	10.7	310	本文

Table 2 Hydrogen and oxygen isotopic composition of quartz from typical Au deposits in the study area

矿床	样品号	δ¹⁸O_石英/‰	δ $D H 2 O$ /‰	δ¹⁸ $O H 2 O$ /‰	T_h/℃	数据来源
金水泉	ZK2301-8	18.9	-81	11.4	284	本文
	JSQZK802-25	21.8	-81	14.3	284
	JSQTC81501-6	16.9	-96	9.4	284
	L1565	19.2	-62	7.2	195	文献[22]
	L1566	18.7	-64	6.5	193	文献[22]
双泉	SQPM2-20	21.0	-94	9.6	205	本文
	SQD-62	17.5	-97	5.9	201	文献[23]
	SQD-31	15.5	-98	4.2	207	文献[23]
南明水	NMS4-29	14.1	-95	6.0	269	本文
	NMS4-30	19.0	-92	10.9	269
	NMS7-06	14.8	-82	6.0	253
	NMS7-07	19.7	-99	10.9	253
	L1504	18.1	-88	11.6	312	文献[22]
	L1598	16.9	-78	4.0	183
	L1506	11.6	-80	2.3	243
	SQD-84	13.3	-99	4.6	256	文献[23]
	6N-53	13.9	-63	5.2	255	文献[24]
苏吉泉东	SJQDPM1-25	17.0	-97	10.5	310	本文
苏吉泉东	SJQDPM1-26	17.2	-95	10.7	310	本文

Fig.9 Hydrogen and oxygen isotopic composition of ore-forming fluids in typical Au deposits

Table 3 Sulfur isotopic composition of sulfides from typical Au deposits in the study area

金矿床	样品号			数据来源
金水泉	E17ZK5504-7S+Pb	黄铁矿	3.0	本文
	JSQZK802-S+Pb	黄铁矿	1.1
	E17ZK5504-7S+Pb	毒砂	3.9
	JSQZK802-S+Pb	毒砂	0.5
双泉	E17ZK0802-45S+Pb	黄铁矿	3.5	本文
	ZK2302-S+Pb	毒砂	7.9
	E17ZK0802-45S+Pb	毒砂	3.6
	SQD31	黄铁矿	8.4	文献[23]
	SQD60	黄铁矿	10.7
	SQD64	黄铁矿	3.8
南明水	E17NMS7PM2-S+Pb	黄铁矿	1.8	本文
	E17NMS4-S+Pb	黄铁矿	3.7
	E17NMS4-S+Pb	毒砂	4.0
	SQD84	黄铁矿	3.5	文献[23]
柳树泉	E17LSQ-JK-6S+Pb	黄铁矿	2.2	本文
	E17LSQ-JK-6S+Pb	毒砂	3.5	本文
	SQD95	毒砂	1.6	文献[23]

Table 4 Lead isotopic composition and feature parameters of sulfides from Au deposits in the study area

金矿床	样品号	矿物	²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb	²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb	²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb	μ	ω	Th/U	Δβ	Δγ
金水泉	E17ZK5504-7	毒砂	18.005	15.491	37.806	9.29	35.10	3.66	11.68	23.04
	E17ZK5504-7	黄铁矿	18.002	15.486	37.754	9.28	34.85	3.63	11.34	21.46
	JSQZK802	毒砂	17.998	15.498	37.815	9.31	35.24	3.66	12.21	23.88
	JSQZK802	黄铁矿	17.974	15.484	37.774	9.28	35.07	3.66	11.30	22.80
双泉	E17ZK0802-45	黄铁矿	18.240	15.516	38.028	9.32	34.99	3.63	12.64	22.84
	ZK2302	毒砂	18.144	15.504	37.919	9.30	34.94	3.64	12.11	22.33
	E17ZK0802-45	毒砂	18.350	15.521	38.122	9.32	34.84	3.62	12.65	22.12
南明水	E17NMS4	黄铁矿	18.008	15.487	37.767	9.29	34.88	3.63	11.39	21.67
	E17NMS4	毒砂	17.890	15.479	37.763	9.28	35.44	3.70	11.27	24.94
	E17NMS7PM2	黄铁矿	17.570	15.497	37.917	9.37	38.19	3.94	14.00	40.49
柳树泉	E17LSQ-JK-6	黄铁矿	17.867	15.473	37.697	9.28	35.23	3.67	10.93	23.57
柳树泉	E17LSQ-JK-6	毒砂	17.783	15.492	37.819	9.32	36.42	3.78	12.65	30.61

Fig.10 Pb isotopic composition of sulfides in typical Au deposits. c is modified from [26].

Table 5 Test result of U-Pb isotopic compositions of hydrothermal zircons from auriferous quartz veins in the Nanmingshui Au deposit

Fig.11 CL images (a), U-Pb age concordia diagram (b) and weighted average age (c) of hydrothermal zircons from auriferous quartz veins in the Nanmingshui Au deposit

Fig.12 Sketch map showing the relationship between orogenic gold mineralization system and regional tectonics in the Kalamaili area

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