启动压力对南海北部水合物藏开发动态的影响

doi:10.13745/j.esf.sf.2024.00.00

地学前缘 ›› 2025, Vol. 32 ›› Issue (2): 178-194.DOI: 10.13745/j.esf.sf.2024.00.00

• 南海北部天然气水物储层精细评价及实验模拟技术 • 上一篇下一篇

启动压力对南海北部水合物藏开发动态的影响

余路¹(), 李贤¹, 崔国栋², 邢东辉¹, 陆红锋¹^,^*(), 王烨嘉³^,^*()

1.广州海洋地质调查局天然气水合物勘查开发国家工程研究中心, 广东广州 510075
2.中国地质大学(武汉)工程学院, 湖北武汉 430074
3.广东省海洋发展规划研究中心, 广东广州 510220

收稿日期:2024-05-10 修回日期:2024-10-15 出版日期:2025-03-25 发布日期:2025-03-25
通信作者: *陆红锋(1976—),男,教授级高级工程师,主要从事天然气水合物与海洋地质方面的研究。E-mail:lhongfeng@mail.cgs.gov.cn;王烨嘉(1983—),男,工程师,主要从事海洋经济方面的研究。E-mail:13929552723@139.com
作者简介:余路(1994—),男,工程师,主要从事天然气水合物开发实验、数值模拟研究。E-mail:yulu@mail.cgs.gov.cn
基金资助:
广东省海洋经济发展(海洋六大产业)专项资金项目(粤自然资合[2022]46号);广东省基础与应用基础研究项目(2022A1515011902);广州市科技计划项目(202206050002);广州市基础研究计划与应用基础研究项目(202201011463)

The impact of threshold pressure gradient on the production dynamics of gas hydrate reservoirs in the northern South China Sea

YU Lu¹(), LI Xian¹, CUI Guodong², XING Donghui¹, LU Hongfeng¹^,^*(), WANG Yejia³^,^*()

1. National Engineering Research Center of Gas Hydrate Exploration and Development, Guangzhou Marine Geological Survey, Guangzhou 510075, China
2. School of Engineering, China University of Geosciences(Wuhan), Wuhan 430074, China
3. Guangdong Center of Marine Development Planning Research, Guangzhou 510220, China

Received:2024-05-10 Revised:2024-10-15 Online:2025-03-25 Published:2025-03-25

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

南海北部神狐海域水合物资源丰富,具有工业性开发远景。勘查和试采结果均表明,该区域水合物系统多为Ⅰ型水合物藏,水合物层下伏游离气层,泥质含量高,储层渗流存在启动压力梯度,极大地影响水合物系统生产动态。本文针对南海泥质粉砂储层中水合物开发实际渗流过程,建立考虑启动压力梯度的渗流数学模型,在TOUGH+HYDRATE模拟器基础上自主开发了启动压力梯度耦合求解功能,以神狐海域SHSC-4井站位水合物藏为目标,利用室内实验所得目标储层启动压力值,开展了垂直井及水平井降压开采数值模拟,探究了南海神狐海域泥质粉砂水合物藏启动压力梯度对产能及开采过程中储层压力、温度、各相饱和度分布演化规律的影响。结果表明,启动压力梯度的存在抑制储层中的压降扩散,远井处水合物无法分解。生产中出现“低产水量,高气水比”现象,水平井开采后期几乎无水产出。启动压力的存在可避免水合物分解前缘出现二次水合物,消除二次水合物棱镜体对气相的圈闭。尽管抑制远井水合物分解,但10年模拟结果显示启动压力梯度的存在可以促进Ⅰ型水合物藏的产能,尤其在直井开采下,产能可提高近40%,这是由于液相产出的减少及储层高压力梯度增强了生产井前期对三相混合层和游离气层中气相抽汲能力。

关键词: 天然气水合物, 启动压力梯度, 数值模拟, Ⅰ型水合物藏, 中国南海

Abstract:

The South China Sea holds abundant gas hydrate resources with significant potential for industrial development, as demonstrated by successful natural gas hydrate pilot tests in the Shenhu area. Most gas hydrate-bearing sediments in the South China Sea are classified as Class Ⅰ gas hydrate deposits, underlain by a two-phase zone containing mobile gas. These reservoirs are characterized by unconsolidated argillaceous siltstones and a threshold pressure gradient (TPG), which significantly impacts gas production. A mathematical model incorporating TPG was developed to simulate multiphase flow in typical subsea sediments, and a TPG module was integrated into the TOUGH+HYDRATE simulator in this study. The Well SHSC4, located in the Shenhu test field, was selected to evaluate the effects of TPG on gas production. Simulation results reveal that TPG restricts pressure propagation, preventing hydrate dissociation near the reservoir boundaries. A phenomenon of low water output and a high gas-to-water ratio was observed during gas production. The water production from the horizontal well nearly ceased in the later stages. The TPG plays a critical role in preventing the formation of secondary gas hydrate shells in the free dissociation zone and eliminating gas traps. A review of 10 years of production data indicates that TPG can enhance gas production from Class Ⅰ gas hydrate deposits while TPG limits the recoverable reserves of gas hydrate. Notably, gas production increased by nearly 40%, attributed to TPG’s ability to improve free gas drainage in vertical wells. These findings highlight the dual role of TPG in both restricting and promoting gas production, offering valuable insights for optimizing gas hydrate exploitation in the South China Sea.

Key words: natural gas hydrate, threshold pressure gradient, numerical simulation, Class Ⅰ hydrate deposits, South China Sea

中图分类号:

余路, 李贤, 崔国栋, 邢东辉, 陆红锋, 王烨嘉. 启动压力对南海北部水合物藏开发动态的影响[J]. 地学前缘, 2025, 32(2): 178-194.

YU Lu, LI Xian, CUI Guodong, XING Donghui, LU Hongfeng, WANG Yejia. The impact of threshold pressure gradient on the production dynamics of gas hydrate reservoirs in the northern South China Sea[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 2025, 32(2): 178-194.

图/表 21

图1 南海北部构造单元划分及天然气水合物试采区位置(据文献[17,58])

Fig.1 Geological units in the northern South China Sea and the location of the hydrate production test area. Adapted from [17,58].

图2 试采井SHSC-4的地震剖面特征及地质模型(据文献[17])

Fig.2 Seismic section characteristics of the production test well SHSC4 and the geological model for methane hydrate production. Adapted from [17].

表1 水合物藏地质模型物理参数表 (据文献[17,59])

Table 1 Physical parameters of the geological model for gas hydrate reservoirs. Adapted from [17,59].

参数	数值	参数	数值
上覆层厚度/m	31	水合物层厚度/m	35
三相混合层厚度/m	15	游离气层厚度/m	27
下伏层厚度/m	32	上覆层水饱和度	1
上覆层孔隙度	0.3	上覆层渗透率/mD	0.1
水合物层水合物饱和度	0.34	水合物层水饱和度	0.66
水合物层孔隙度	0.35	水合物层渗透率/mD	2.9
三相混合层水合物饱和度	0.31	三相混合层气饱和度	0.15
三相混合层水饱和度	0.54	三相混合层孔隙度	0.33
三相混合层渗透率/mD	1.5	游离气层气饱和度	0.078
游离气层水饱和度	0.912	游离气层孔隙度	0.32
游离气层渗透率/mD	7.4	下伏层水饱和度	1
下伏层孔隙度	0.3	下伏层渗透率/mD	0.1
孔隙水盐度	3%	储层压缩系数/Pa^-1	1×10^-8
骨架密度/(kg·m^-3)	2 650	饱和水储层热传导率/(W·m^-1·℃^-1)	3.1
干样储层热传导率/(W·m^-1·℃^-1)	1.0	骨架比热/(J·kg^-1·℃^-1)	1 000

图3 水平井模型示意图

Fig.3 Schematic model of the horizontal well

图4 直井生产中启动压力对产气速率和水合物分解产气速率的影响

Fig.4 Effect of TPG on gas production rate and hydrate dissociation gas flow rate during vertical well production

图5 启动压力对直井产气总量的影响

Fig.5 Effect of TPG on cumulative gas production in vertical wells

图6 启动压力对直井生产产水和气水比的影响

Fig.6 Effect of TPG on water production rate and gas-water ratio in vertical wells

图7 启动压力对水合物饱和度演化分布的影响(a图据文献[18]修改;b图据文献[18]修改) a—未考虑启动压力;b—考虑启动压力。

Fig.7 Evolution of hydrate saturation distribution: (a) without TPG, (b) with TPG.

图8 启动压力对储层压力演化分布的影响 a—未考虑启动压力;b—考虑启动压力。

Fig.8 Evolution of reservoir pressure distribution: (a) without TPG, (b) with TPG.

图9 无启动压力储层压力分布细节

Fig.9 Detailed reservoir pressure distribution in the GHBL and TPL without TPG

图10 -1 481 m处开采10年压力梯度径向分布

Fig.10 Radial distribution of pressure gradient after 10 years of production at a depth of -1481 m

图11 启动压力对储层温度演化分布的影响 a—未考虑启动压力;b—考虑启动压力。

Fig.11 Evolution of reservoir temperature distribution: (a) without TPG, (b) with TPG.

图12 启动压力对储层气体饱和度演化分布的影响 a—未考虑启动压力;b—考虑启动压力。

Fig.12 Evolution of gas saturation distribution: (a) without TPG, (b) with TPG.

图13 气流通道和气体聚集示意图

Fig.13 Schematic diagram of gas flow channels and gas accumulation

图14 启动压力对水平井开采生产动态影响

Fig.14 Effect of TPG on gas production dynamics in horizontal wells

图15 启动压力对水平井开采产水及气水比的影响

Fig.15 Effect of TPG on water production rate and gas-water ratio in horizontal wells

图16 启动压力对水合物饱和度演化分布的影响 a—未考虑启动压力;b—考虑启动压力。

Fig.16 Evolution of hydrate saturation distribution in horizontal wells: (a) without TPG, (b) with TPG.

图17 水平井启动压力对储层压力演化分布的影响 a—未考虑启动压力;b—考虑启动压力。

Fig.17 Evolution of reservoir pressure distribution in horizontal wells: (a) without TPG, (b) with TPG.

图18 水平井启动压力对储层温度演化分布的影响 a—未考虑启动压力;b—考虑启动压力。

Fig.18 Evolution of reservoir temperature distribution in horizontal wells: (a) without TPG, (b) with TPG.

图19 水平井启动压力对气体饱和度演化分布的影响 a—未考虑启动压力;b—考虑启动压力。

Fig.19 Evolution of gas saturation distribution in horizontal wells: (a) without TPG, (b) with TPG.

图20 水平井开采中气流通道和气体聚集示意图

Fig.20 Schematic diagram of gas flow channels and gas accumulation in horizontal wells

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启动压力对南海北部水合物藏开发动态的影响

The impact of threshold pressure gradient on the production dynamics of gas hydrate reservoirs in the northern South China Sea

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