南海北部多类型天然气水合物成藏特征与赋存差异

doi:10.13745/j.esf.sf.2024.11.19

地学前缘 ›› 2025, Vol. 32 ›› Issue (2): 61-76.DOI: 10.13745/j.esf.sf.2024.11.19

• 南海北部天然气水合物钻探发现与富集成藏 • 上一篇下一篇

南海北部多类型天然气水合物成藏特征与赋存差异

靳佳澎¹(), 王秀娟¹^,²^,^*(), 邓炜³, 李清平⁴, 李丽霞⁴, 余晗³, 周吉林², 吴能友¹

1.崂山实验室海洋矿产资源评价与探测技术功能实验室, 山东青岛 266237
2.中国海洋大学海洋地球科学学院深海圈层与地球系统教育部前沿科学中心海底科学与探测技术教育部重点实验室, 山东青岛 266100
3.广州海洋地质调查局天然气水合物勘查开发国家工程研究中心, 广东广州 511458
4.中海油研究总院有限责任公司天然气水合物国家重点实验室, 北京 100028

收稿日期:2023-11-14 修回日期:2024-11-15 出版日期:2025-03-25 发布日期:2025-03-25
通信作者: *王秀娟(1976—),女,教授,主要从事天然气水合物成藏系统和地球物理探测技术研究。E-mail:wangxiujuan@ouc.edu.cn
作者简介:靳佳澎(1992—),男,副研究员,主要从事天然气水合物地球物理识别和成藏机理研究。E-mail:jpjin@qnlm.ac
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金项目(42206063);国家自然科学基金项目(42376058)

Accumulation characteristics and occurrence differences of multitype gas hydrates in the northern South China Sea

JIN Jiapeng¹(), WANG Xiujuan¹^,²^,^*(), DENG Wei³, LI Qingping⁴, LI Lixia⁴, YU Han³, ZHOU Jilin², WU Nengyou¹

1. Laboratory for Marine Mineral Resources, Laoshan Laboratory, Qingdao 266237, China
2. MOE Key Lab of Submarine Geosciences and Prospecting Techniques, Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, College of Marine Geosciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
3. National Engineering Research Center of Gas Hydrate Exploration and Development, Guangzhou Marine Geological Survey, Guangzhou 511458, China
4. State Key Laboratory of Natural Gas Hydrate, CNOOC Research Institute Co., Ltd., Beijing 100028, China

Received:2023-11-14 Revised:2024-11-15 Online:2025-03-25 Published:2025-03-25

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

近年来,我国在南海北部完成了9个天然气水合物钻探航次,采集了大量三维地震资料,发现了多种赋存类型的天然气水合物,但是不同赋存形态与富集程度的天然气水合物地球物理异常响应及主控因素差异有待厘清。在台西南盆地和琼东南盆地发现了呈烟囱状反射的裂隙充填型水合物与呈强振幅反射的孔隙充填型水合物垂向叠置分布,而珠江口盆地水合物稳定带底界上部广泛发育孔隙充填型水合物。研究认为低孔渗特征、相对细粒沉积层和块体搬运沉积体储层,匹配局部高通量流体供给条件,控制了裂隙充填型水合物赋存;相对低通量流体和相对粗粒储层岩性是孔隙充填型水合物赋存的主要条件,而Ⅱ型水合物、水合物与游离气共存及近期活动水合物系统均与深部来源热成因气及相对高通量流体供给有关。构造-沉积背景差异是多类型水合物赋存的主要原因,流体运移通道、运移方式和储层岩性耦合控制天然气水合物富集程度;受晚期岩浆侵入、泥火山构造、隆起构造影响而形成的断层和气烟囱构造控制流体运移与天然气水合物成藏。因而查明不同盆地发育的天然气水合物赋存差异,厘清多类型水合物地质主控因素对于指导高富集天然气水合物藏勘探具有重要意义。

关键词: 天然气水合物, 多类型, 流体运移, 储层, 南海北部

Abstract:

Recent gas hydrate drilling expeditions, combined with extensive 3D seismic data, have revealed the widespread occurrence of multiple types of gas hydrates on the northern slope of the South China Sea. However, the anomalous geophysical responses associated with variations in gas hydrate types, accumulations, and their primary geological controls remain poorly understood. Fracture-filling gas hydrates, often linked to cold seep systems, are characterized by chimney-like seismic reflections. In contrast, pore-filling gas hydrates exhibit high-amplitude reflections above the bottom simulating reflector (BSR) and are vertically superimposed with fracture-filling gas hydrates in the Tainan and Qiongdongnan basins. In the Pearl River Mouth Basin, pore-filling gas hydrates are predominantly found near the base of the gas hydrate stability zone. The occurrence of fracture-filling gas hydrates is controlled by relatively fine-grained and mass transport deposit (MTD) reservoirs with low porosity and permeability, which are matched with high-flux fluid systems. On the other hand, pore-filling gas hydrates are primarily controlled by coarse-grained reservoirs and relatively low-flux fluid systems. Recent drilling results suggest that the presence of structure II gas hydrates, the coexistence of gas hydrates and free gas, and active gas hydrate systems are closely associated with the supply of thermogenic gas and high-flux fluids from deep gas sources. The study highlights that the diverse tectonic and sedimentary settings in the northern South China Sea are the primary factors driving the occurrence of multiple types of gas hydrates. The coupling of fluid migration pathways, migration mechanisms, and reservoir lithology plays a critical role in controlling variations in gas hydrate accumulations. Key geological features such as faults, gas chimneys formed by magmatism, intrusive structures, mud volcanoes, and basement uplift significantly influence fluid migration and gas hydrate formation. A comprehensive understanding of the differences in gas hydrate occurrences and the identification of key geological controls are essential for exploring highly concentrated gas hydrate reservoirs in the region.

Key words: gas hydrate, multitype, fluid migration, reservoir, northern South China Sea

中图分类号:

P618.13

靳佳澎, 王秀娟, 邓炜, 李清平, 李丽霞, 余晗, 周吉林, 吴能友. 南海北部多类型天然气水合物成藏特征与赋存差异[J]. 地学前缘, 2025, 32(2): 61-76.

JIN Jiapeng, WANG Xiujuan, DENG Wei, LI Qingping, LI Lixia, YU Han, ZHOU Jilin, WU Nengyou. Accumulation characteristics and occurrence differences of multitype gas hydrates in the northern South China Sea[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 2025, 32(2): 61-76.

图/表 7

图1 南海北部不同盆地BSR分布及典型盆地水合物钻探区放大图 a—南海北部沉积盆地及BSR分布图;b—珠江口盆地白云凹陷海底迁移峡谷区的多类型BSR分布;c—琼东南盆地块体搬运沉积发育区BSR分布;d—台西南盆地挤压构造区BSR分布;e—珠江口盆地揭阳凹陷海底侵蚀峡谷区BSR分布。

Fig.1 BSR distribution in different basins in the northern South China Sea and enlarged map of typical gas hydrate drilling areas a—Map of sedimentary basins and BSR distribution in the northern South China Sea; b—Distribution of multiple types of BSR in the submarine canyon zone of the Baiyun Sag, Pearl River Mouth Basin; c—BSR distribution in the mass-transported sediment zone of the Qiongdongnan Basin; d—BSR distribution in the thrust-extrusion tectonic zone of the Taixinan Basin; e—BSR distribution in the erosional submarine canyon zone of the Jieyang Sag, eastern Pearl River Mouth Basin.

图2 南海北部珠江口盆地、琼东南盆地和台西南盆地地层年代、岩性及沉积环境对比图(据文献[12,23-24]修改)

Fig.2 Comparison of stratigraphic ages, lithologies, and depositional environments in the Pearl River Mouth Basin, Qiongdongnan Basin, and Taixinan Basin, northern South China Sea (modified after [12,23-24]).

图3 过南海北部典型水合物赋存区地震剖面组合图,显示与多类型水合物发育有关的多种BSR反射特征 a,b,c—台西南盆地过GMGS2-W08站位、F冷泉和澎湖峡谷地震剖面显示连续、不连续BSR,具有上部强振幅反射、上拱反射及海底和埋藏的碳酸盐岩强反射;d,e,f—珠江口盆地揭阳凹陷剖面显示幼年期峡谷、青年期峡谷和成熟峡谷侧翼发育连续、不连续和古BSR及BSR随侵蚀作用向下调整现象;g,h,i—珠江口盆地白云凹陷过W18&W19站位、W11&W17站位和W07站位地震剖面显示高通量流体垂向运移、受热成因气影响发育II-BSR及动态调整的BSR2现象;j,k,l,m,h—琼东南盆地过W09、W08&W07站位,W01、W03&W04站位,埋藏水道及海马冷泉站位的地震剖面,显示MTD沉积区冷泉站位附近地震反射特征、穿层BSR和局部浊流夹层分布;n—中建盆地典型地震剖面显示穿层BSR及其之上的强反射。地震剖面位置见图1。

Fig.3 Seismic profiles across typical gas hydrate occurrence areas in the northern slope of the South China Sea, showing various BSR reflection characteristics associated with multitype gas hydrate development. a, b, c—Seismic profiles across site GMGS2W08, cold seep site F, and Penghu Canyon in the Taixinan Basin show continuous and discontinuous BSR, high-amplitude reflections above the BSR, pull-up reflections, and strong carbonate reflections on the seafloor or buried in sediments. d, e, f—Seismic profiles of the Jieyang Sag in the Pearl River Mouth Basin show continuous, discontinuous, and paleo-BSR on the flanks of juvenile, young, and mature canyons, as well as the downward adjustment of BSR caused by canyon erosion. g, h, i—Seismic profiles of the Baiyun Sag in the Pearl River Mouth Basin across sites 18 &19, 11 &17, and 07 show vertical migration of high-flux fluids, thermogenic gas-related IIBSR, and dynamically adjusted BSR2. j, k, l, m, h—Seismic profiles in the Qiongdongnan Basin across sites W09, W08&W07, W01, W03&W04, and the Haima cold seep site show seismic reflection characteristics near the cold seep in the MTD area, BSR crosscutting with strata, and local sand-rich turbidite layers. n—Typical seismic profiles in the Zhongjian Basin show BSR crosscutting with strata and strong reflections above it. The locations of seismic profiles are shown in Fig.1.

图4 过南海北部典型盆地地震剖面显示水合物成藏与不同区域构造-沉积特征有关 a—台西南盆地剖面显示活动构造背景下泥火山、断层和它们与浅部BSR和冷泉系统关系;b—珠江口盆地揭阳凹陷剖面显示基底隆起构造上BSR受海底侵蚀作用发生下移调整;c—珠江口盆地白云凹陷剖面显示岩浆火山和侵入体及伴生的断层、气烟囱构造与浅部BSR关系;d—琼东南盆地剖面显示基底隆起及断层、气烟囱构造与浅部冷泉相关水合物赋存关系。地震剖面位置见图1。

Fig.4 Seismic profiles across typical basins in the northern slope of the South China Sea showing the regional tectonic features controlling gas hydrate occurrence a—Seismic profile of the Taixinan Basin showing mud volcanoes, faults, and their relationship with the shallow BSR and cold seep system under an active tectonic setting; b—Seismic profile of the Jieyang Sag in the Pearl River Mouth Basin showing the downward shift of the BSR caused by seafloor erosion above the basement uplift; c—Seismic profile of the Baiyun Sag in the Pearl River Mouth Basin showing magmatic volcanoes, intrusive sills, and associated faults and gas chimneys related to the shallow BSR; d—3D seismic profile of the Qiongdongnan Basin showing the relationship between basement uplift, faults, gas chimneys, and the occurrence of shallow cold seep-related gas hydrates. The locations of seismic profiles are shown in Fig.1.

表1 南海北部不同盆地中多类型水合物赋存特征与成藏要素统计

Table 1 Geological controls and occurrence characteristics of multitype gas hydrates in different basins in the northern slope of the South China Sea

构造背景	盆地	构造单元	水合物赋存类型	BSR特征	饱和度	储层条件	气源条件	流体疏导条件	特殊地质要素	典型站位
被动大陆边缘	珠江口盆地	白云凹陷	孔隙充填型、部分站位发现Ⅱ型水合物	连续、不连续、羽状、II-BSR、 BSR2	中-高	细粒泥质粉砂或粉砂质泥、局部富有孔虫砂	混合成因气	正断层、气烟囱、渗透性地层	侵入岩席、单向迁移峡谷	GMGS3-W07、 W18&W19、 W11&W17 GMGS4-SC01、 SC02、SC03
		云荔低凸起		连续、不连续、羽状BSR	中?	细粒泥质粉砂或粉砂质泥			火山复合体
		揭阳凹陷		连续、不连续、古BSR	中?	细粒泥质粉砂或粉砂质泥			海底侵蚀峡谷、基底隆起
	琼东南盆地	松南低凸起	裂隙充填型与孔隙充填型叠置、部分站位发现Ⅱ型水合物	BSR与MTD底重合、上拱、仅局部发育穿层的BSR	中-高	细粒泥质粉砂或粉砂质泥	热成因气为主	正断层、气烟囱	基底隆起	GMGS5-W07、 W08、W09
	琼东南盆地	陵南低凸起	裂隙充填型与孔隙充填型叠置、部分站位发现Ⅱ型水合物	BSR与MTD底重合、上拱、仅局部发育穿层的BSR	中-高	细粒泥质粉砂—粗粒砂	热成因气为主	正断层、气烟囱	基底隆起	GMGS6-W01、 W03、W04
主动大陆边缘	台西南盆地		裂隙充填型与孔隙充填型叠置	连续、不连续、 BSR上拱、冷泉下部缺失	中	细粒泥质粉砂或粉砂质泥、局部富有孔虫砂	生物成因气、局部热成因气	逆冲断层、正断层、气烟囱	底辟构造	GMGS2-W08、 W09、W16、 F站位

图5 南海北部水合物及油气站位δ13C1与C1/(C2+C3)交会分析气源组分

Fig.5 Plot of δ13C1 versus the C1/(C2+C3) ratio of gases from gas hydrate-bearing and oil field sites in the northern slope of the South China Sea

图6 南海北部不同构造-沉积背景下多类型天然气水合物赋存及成藏主控因素差异

Fig.6 Differences in the geological controls of multitype gas hydrate occurrences under different tectonic-sedimentary settings in the northern South China Sea

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构造背景	盆地	构造单元	水合物赋存类型	BSR特征	饱和度	储层条件	气源条件	流体疏导条件	特殊地质要素	典型站位
被动大陆边缘	珠江口盆地	白云凹陷	孔隙充填型、部分站位发现Ⅱ型水合物	连续、不连续、羽状、II-BSR、 BSR2	中-高	细粒泥质粉砂或粉砂质泥、局部富有孔虫砂	混合成因气	正断层、气烟囱、渗透性地层	侵入岩席、单向迁移峡谷	GMGS3-W07、 W18&W19、 W11&W17 GMGS4-SC01、 SC02、SC03
		云荔低凸起		连续、不连续、羽状BSR	中?	细粒泥质粉砂或粉砂质泥			火山复合体
		揭阳凹陷		连续、不连续、古BSR	中?	细粒泥质粉砂或粉砂质泥			海底侵蚀峡谷、基底隆起
	琼东南盆地	松南低凸起	裂隙充填型与孔隙充填型叠置、部分站位发现Ⅱ型水合物	BSR与MTD底重合、上拱、仅局部发育穿层的BSR	中-高	细粒泥质粉砂或粉砂质泥	热成因气为主	正断层、气烟囱	基底隆起	GMGS5-W07、 W08、W09
	琼东南盆地	陵南低凸起	裂隙充填型与孔隙充填型叠置、部分站位发现Ⅱ型水合物	BSR与MTD底重合、上拱、仅局部发育穿层的BSR	中-高	细粒泥质粉砂—粗粒砂	热成因气为主	正断层、气烟囱	基底隆起	GMGS6-W01、 W03、W04
主动大陆边缘	台西南盆地		裂隙充填型与孔隙充填型叠置	连续、不连续、 BSR上拱、冷泉下部缺失	中	细粒泥质粉砂或粉砂质泥、局部富有孔虫砂	生物成因气、局部热成因气	逆冲断层、正断层、气烟囱	底辟构造	GMGS2-W08、 W09、W16、 F站位

构造背景	盆地	构造单元	水合物赋存类型	BSR特征	饱和度	储层条件	气源条件	流体疏导条件	特殊地质要素	典型站位
被动大陆边缘	珠江口盆地	白云凹陷	孔隙充填型、部分站位发现Ⅱ型水合物	连续、不连续、羽状、II-BSR、 BSR2	中-高	细粒泥质粉砂或粉砂质泥、局部富有孔虫砂	混合成因气	正断层、气烟囱、渗透性地层	侵入岩席、单向迁移峡谷	GMGS3-W07、 W18&W19、 W11&W17 GMGS4-SC01、 SC02、SC03
		云荔低凸起		连续、不连续、羽状BSR	中?	细粒泥质粉砂或粉砂质泥			火山复合体
		揭阳凹陷		连续、不连续、古BSR	中?	细粒泥质粉砂或粉砂质泥			海底侵蚀峡谷、基底隆起
	琼东南盆地	松南低凸起	裂隙充填型与孔隙充填型叠置、部分站位发现Ⅱ型水合物	BSR与MTD底重合、上拱、仅局部发育穿层的BSR	中-高	细粒泥质粉砂或粉砂质泥	热成因气为主	正断层、气烟囱	基底隆起	GMGS5-W07、 W08、W09
	琼东南盆地	陵南低凸起	裂隙充填型与孔隙充填型叠置、部分站位发现Ⅱ型水合物	BSR与MTD底重合、上拱、仅局部发育穿层的BSR	中-高	细粒泥质粉砂—粗粒砂	热成因气为主	正断层、气烟囱	基底隆起	GMGS6-W01、 W03、W04
主动大陆边缘	台西南盆地		裂隙充填型与孔隙充填型叠置	连续、不连续、 BSR上拱、冷泉下部缺失	中	细粒泥质粉砂或粉砂质泥、局部富有孔虫砂	生物成因气、局部热成因气	逆冲断层、正断层、气烟囱	底辟构造	GMGS2-W08、 W09、W16、 F站位

南海北部多类型天然气水合物成藏特征与赋存差异

Accumulation characteristics and occurrence differences of multitype gas hydrates in the northern South China Sea

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