深部页岩储层压裂裂缝扩展均匀性研究

doi:10.13745/j.esf.sf.2024.7.55

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

深部页岩气资源量巨大,加快深部页岩气勘探开发力度,对助力实现双碳目标具有重要意义。密切割水力压裂是实现深部页岩气规模开发的重要增产措施。但在密集布缝的同时可能出现部分射孔簇扩展受限的现象。因此确定合理的布缝间距形成均匀且密集的裂缝对提高油气产量、降低成本尤为重要。为探究深部裂缝性页岩储层压裂裂缝扩展的均匀性,结合位移不连续法和拟三维裂缝模型建立了考虑天然裂缝影响的多层水力压裂模型,并引入Broyden迭代计算方法提出了流固耦合多裂缝模型高效解法。模拟分析了水平应力差和施工参数对多簇裂缝形态和裂缝扩展均匀性的影响。研究结果表明:Broyden迭代比牛顿迭代计算效率更高。深部页岩储层在高应力差(10 MPa)条件下,水力裂缝难以发生转向;簇间距并非越密越好,当簇间距增加至8 m时可显著提升各簇裂缝进液均匀性;适当提升压裂液黏度(>20 mPa·s)和施工排量(>16 m³/min)有利于裂缝密集且均匀地扩展。该研究成果可为我国深部页岩压裂工艺优化提供理论支撑。

关键词: 深部页岩, 裂缝性储层, 密切割压裂, 裂缝均匀性, 裂缝形态, 数值模拟

Abstract:

The exploration and development of deep shale gas is crucial for achieving the dual-carbon target. To achieve this, multi-clustered hydraulic fracturing is an important method for enhancing production on a large scale. However, when the perforations are densely laid, the propagation of some clusters may be limited. Therefore, it is important to determine a reasonable spacing of fractures to improve reserve recovery and reduce costs. In this study, we established a hydraulic fracturing model for multi-layered reservoirs considering natural fractures. We used the displacement discontinuity method and the P3D model, and introduced Broyden iterative calculation method to propose an efficient solution method for the fluid-solid coupled multi-fracture model. We simulated and analyzed the effects of horizontal stress difference and construction parameters on the morphology of multi-cluster fractures and the uniformity of fracture propagation. The results showed that Broyden iteration is more computationally efficient than Newton iteration. Hydraulic fractures in deep shale reservoirs are difficult to turn under high stress difference conditions (10 MPa). Increasing the cluster spacing to 8m significantly improves the uniformity of each cluster. Additionally, raising the viscosity (>20 mPa·s) and pumping rate (>16 m³/min) of the fracturing fluid is beneficial for dense and uniform fracture propagation. These research results provide theoretical support for optimizing the deep shale fracturing process in China.

Key words: deep shale, fractured reservoirs, multi-cluster fracturing, uniformity of fractures, fracture morphology, numerical simulation

中图分类号:

TE348

胡景宏, 廖松泽, 蔡益栋, 芦俊. 深部页岩储层压裂裂缝扩展均匀性研究[J]. 地学前缘, 2025, 32(4): 471-482.

HU Jinghong, LIAO Songze, CAI Yidong, LU Jun. Study of fracture propagation uniformity in deep shale reservoir[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 2025, 32(4): 471-482.

图/表 19

图1 裂缝扩展模型图

Fig.1 Fracture propagation model diagram

表1 模型基础参数

Table 1 Base parameters of the model

参数类型	地质参数
参数名/ 单位	储层最小水平地应/MPa	储层最大水平地应/MPa	储隔层水平地应力差/MPa	弹性模量/ GPa	泊松比	储层断裂韧性/ (MPa·m^0.5)	隔层断裂韧性/ (MPa·m^0.5)
参数值	65	75	5	20	0.2	1	2
参数名/ 单位	岩石抗拉强度/MPa	储层厚度/m	岩石摩擦系数	天然裂缝长度/m	天然裂缝与水平井筒夹角/(°)	天然裂缝内聚力/MPa
参数值	4.5	30	0.6	5	60	1.5
参数类型	工程参数
参数名/ 单位	压裂液黏度/ (mPa·s)	压裂液密度/ (kg·m^-3)	施工排量/ (m³·min)	射孔数/孔	孔眼直径/ mm	Carter滤失系数/ (m·min^-0.5)	簇间距/ m
参数值	5	1 050	8	12	11	0.000 05	4

图2 数值模型计算效率对比图

Fig.2 Comparison diagram of model calculation efficiency

图3 数值模型与PKN模型模拟结果对比图

Fig.3 Comparison of numerical model and PKN model simulation results

图4 天然裂缝穿越准则实验结果与模拟结果对比图

Fig.4 Comparison between experimental results and simulation results of natural fracture crossing criteria

图5 天然裂缝影响下多裂缝扩展模型图

Fig.5 Multi-fracture propagation model diagram under the influence of natural fractures

图6 高、低应力差下裂缝扩展形态图

Fig.6 Fracture propagation morphology under high and low stress differences

图7 不同簇间距下裂缝扩展形态图

Fig.7 Fracture propagation morphology under different cluster spacing

图8 不同簇间距下裂缝长度与高度图

Fig.8 Fracture length and height at different cluster space

图9 不同簇间距下进液量均匀系数变化曲线图

Fig.9 Injection uniformity coefficient at different cluster space

图10 不同簇数下裂缝扩展形态图

Fig.10 Fracture propagation morphology at different cluster numbers

图11 不同簇数下裂缝长度与高度图

Fig.11 Fracture length and height at different cluster numbers

图12 不同簇数下进液量均匀系数变化曲线图

Fig.12 Injection uniformity coefficient at different cluster numbers

图13 不同压裂液黏度下裂缝扩展形态图

Fig.13 Fracture propagation morphology at different viscosities

图14 不同压裂液黏度下裂缝长度与高度图

Fig.14 Fracture length and height at different viscosities

图15 不同压裂液黏度下进液量均匀系数变化曲线图

Fig.15 Injection uniformity coefficient at different viscosities

图16 不同排量下裂缝扩展形态图

Fig.16 Fracture propagation morphology at different injection

图17 不同排量下裂缝长度与高度图

Fig.17 Fracture length and height at different injection

图18 不同排量下进液量均匀系数变化曲线图

Fig.18 Variation curve of injection uniformity coefficient at different injection

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