德兴斑岩铜矿床断裂与侵入体产状对成矿的控制作用:从力-热-流三场耦合数值模拟结果分析

doi:10.13745/j.esf.sf.2021.1.14

地学前缘 ›› 2021, Vol. 28 ›› Issue (3): 190-207.DOI: 10.13745/j.esf.sf.2021.1.14

• 三维地质建模与隐伏矿预测评价 • 上一篇下一篇

德兴斑岩铜矿床断裂与侵入体产状对成矿的控制作用:从力-热-流三场耦合数值模拟结果分析

肖凡¹^,²^,³^,⁴(), 王恺其¹

1.中山大学地球科学与工程学院, 广东珠海 519000
2.广东省地质过程与矿产资源探查重点实验室, 广东珠海 519000
3.广东省地球动力作用与地质灾害重点实验室, 广东珠海 519000
4.南方海洋科学与工程广东省实验室(珠海), 广东珠海 519000

收稿日期:2020-01-05 修回日期:2020-02-27 出版日期:2021-05-20 发布日期:2021-05-23
作者简介:肖凡(1985—),男,博士,副教授,博士生导师,主要从事矿产普查与勘探和数学地质方面的教学与科研工作。E-mail: xiaofan3@mail.sysu.edu.cn
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金项目(41872245);广东省基础与应用基础研究基金项目(2020A1515010666)

Fault and intrusion control on copper mineralization in the Dexing porphyry copper deposit in Jiangxi, China: A perspective from stress deformation-heat transfer-fluid flow coupled numerical modeling

XIAO Fan¹^,²^,³^,⁴(), WANG Kaiqi¹

1. School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519000, China
2. Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Geological Process and Mineral Resource Exploration, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519000, China
3. Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Geodynamics and Geohazards, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519000, China
4. Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory(Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519000, China

Received:2020-01-05 Revised:2020-02-27 Online:2021-05-20 Published:2021-05-23

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

斑岩矿床的成矿机制是一种典型的力-热-流多物理场耦合的岩浆-热液过程,因而从成矿动力学数值计算模拟的角度研究斑岩矿床成矿作用过程,对揭示斑岩岩浆-热液系统动力学演化机制及其成矿响应情况具有十分重要的意义。德兴铜矿(包括朱砂红、铜厂和富家坞)作为目前中国华南已发现的最大斑岩型铜矿床,是研究(大型/超大型)斑岩矿床成矿作用过程的一个典型的重要窗口。前人已在矿床地质、地球化学、年代学、同位素以及成矿流体等诸多方面开展了大量的研究工作,但从成矿动力学数值模拟的角度对德兴铜矿成矿作用过程进行的研究目前相对较少。为此,本文以德兴斑岩铜矿床为主要研究对象,首先通过总结分析其成矿过程的地质概念模型,进而将侵入体形态(包括长轴及短轴长度)和倾伏角、控矿断裂倾角与宽度作为几何模型中的变量,构建由这些变量组合控制的几何实体模型。在此基础上,进一步分析斑岩矿床成矿过程数值模拟中应力场、流体场以及热力场三者的耦合关系及其数学-物理方程,构建德兴斑岩铜矿床的成矿动力学模型,建立相应的有限元数值模拟模型。最终,设置不同的岩石物理参数、边界条件与初始条件,进行力-热-流三场耦合的数值模拟实验,并根据不同侵入体产状及断裂构造条件下的模拟结果探究德兴铜矿床断裂和侵入体产状对成矿的控制作用。主要结论如下:(1)较小的断裂构造宽度更易造成岩矿石局部破裂,便于流体弥散而形成浸染状或微-细脉状的斑岩矿化;(2)较大体积的岩体以及较小的岩体倾伏角度对斑岩铜矿床的形成相对有利;(3)朱砂红矿床较铜厂和富家坞矿床岩体体积小,而倾伏角相对较大,导致岩体冷却速度快,表面及附近扩容空间小,因而成矿深度大,而金属储量小。揭示了德兴铜矿床斑岩侵入体与断裂构造产状的控矿机制,增进了对德兴铜矿矿床成因和控矿要素的认识。

关键词: 数值模拟, 多物理场耦合, 斑岩铜矿, 侵入体, 断层, 江西德兴

Abstract:

The metallogenic mechanism of porphyry deposit is a typical multiphysics magmatic-hydrothermal process affected by stress deformation, heat transfer and fluid flow. Therefore, it is important to study the metallogenic process of porphyry deposits from the perspective of numerical modeling of metallogenic dynamics to understand the dynamic evolutionary mechanism of porphyry magmatic-hydrothermal system and its ore-forming response. The Dexing porphyry copper deposit, including the Zhushahong, Tongchang and Fujiawu orebodies, is the largest porphyry copper deposit in South China and considered to be a critically important case for studying the mineralization process of large or/and super-large porphyry deposits. Previous studies mainly addressed the ore geology, geochemistry, geochronology, isotope and ore-forming fluids of the Dexing porphyry deposit; however, only a few studies investigated the mineralization processes by numerical modeling of metallogenic dynamics. Therefore, the aim of this study was to explore the fault and intrusion controlls on mineralization in the Dexing porphyry copper deposit through numerical metallogenic modeling. Firstly, based on a geological conceptual model of copper mineralization, a geometric model characterizing the magmatic-hydrothermal system was constructed, which contains variables of shape (lengths of long and short axes) and dip angle of porphyry intrusion as well as dip angle and width of ore controlling fault. Next, based on the analysis of the coupling relationships among stress, fluidic and thermal fields affecting porphyry copper mineralization, the corresponding mathematical-physical equations were derived and a metallogenic dynamic computing model was constructed. Then, a numerical model simulating the metallogenic dynamic process was established by finite element numerical simulation. Finally, by constraining rock properties, boundary and initial conditions, stress deformation-heat transfer-fluid flow coupled numerical simulation was carried out to investigate fault and intrusion control on the copper mineralization. The main conclusions are: (1) small fault width is more likely to result in localized fractures, thereby facilitating fluid dispersion and formation of disseminated or micro-vein porphyry mineralization. (2) Larger volume and smaller dip angle of porphyry intrusion are beneficial to porphyry mineralization. (3) Compared with the Tongchang and Fujiawu orebodies, the smaller Zhushahong orebody has greater ore-forming depth but smaller mineral reserve, as its large dip angle led to faster post-magmatic cooling (therefore limiting its surface expansion), and porphyry intrusion of the nearby Zhushahong orebody limited its expansion space. This study revealed the ore-controlling mechanism of porphyry intrusion and fault structure in the Dexing porphyry copper deposit, helping to further our understanding of its genesis and ore controlling factors.

Key words: numerical modeling, multi-field coupled model, porphyry copper deposit, intrusion, fault, Dexing, Jiangxi

中图分类号:

P611.5

肖凡, 王恺其. 德兴斑岩铜矿床断裂与侵入体产状对成矿的控制作用:从力-热-流三场耦合数值模拟结果分析[J]. 地学前缘, 2021, 28(3): 190-207.

XIAO Fan, WANG Kaiqi. Fault and intrusion control on copper mineralization in the Dexing porphyry copper deposit in Jiangxi, China: A perspective from stress deformation-heat transfer-fluid flow coupled numerical modeling[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 2021, 28(3): 190-207.

图/表 20

图1 华南地块晚中生代构造及岩浆岩分布简图与德兴矿集区地质简图(A: 修改自文献[51];B: 修改自文献[42])

Fig.1 (A) Tectonic sketch map showing the temporal-spatial distribution of the Late Mesozoic magmatic rocks in the South China Craton (modified from [51]) and (B) geological map of the Dexing mineralization district (modified from [42])

图2 德兴矿田地质构造简图及各矿床铜矿体产状形态分布示意图(A: 修改自文献[43];B, C, D: 修改自文献[40])

Fig.2 (A) Geological and tectonic map of the Dexing orefield (modified from [43]) and (B-D) sketch map showing the attitude and morphology of copper orebodies in each deposit (modified from [40])

表1 富家坞、铜厂与朱砂红岩体产状参数

Table 1 Geometric parameters of the Fujiawu, Tongchang and Zhushahong intrusions

岩体	地表形态	规模			产状
岩体	地表形态	长度/m	宽度/m	面积/km²	倾伏向/(°)	倾伏角/(°)
富家坞	梯形	650	300	0.2	310	40
铜厂	三角形	1 300	300~800	0.7	320	45~50
朱砂红	岩枝和岩脉群	≤450	≤80	0.06	340	60~70

图3 德兴斑岩铜矿床断裂与侵入体产状对成矿的控制作用数值模拟方法流程图

Fig.3 Flowchart of the numerical modeling method for fault and intrusion controls on copper mineralization in the Dexing porphyry copper deposit

图4 德兴铜矿床几何概念模型

Fig.4 The geometric conceptual model of the Dexing porphyry copper deposit

表2 数值模型中所使用的岩石物性参数

Table 2 Rock parameters applied in the numerical models

模型单元	密度/ (kg·m^-3)	杨氏模量/ (10¹⁰ Pa)	泊松比	孔隙率	渗透率/ (10^-12 m²)	导热系数/ (W·m^-1·K^-1)	恒压热容/ (J·kg^-1·K^-1)
地层	2 650	7.0	0.25	0.25	0.40	3.1	880
侵入体	2 850	8.0	0.25	0.21	0.45	2.9	680
断裂	1 800	0.28	0.35	0.40	40.0	2.8	820

图5 数值模型的初始条件与边界条件设置示意图

Fig.5 Diagram showing the initial and boundary conditions of the numerical model

表3 数值实验模型及相应的参数设置

Table 3 List of numerical models with model parameters

模型	a/m	b/m	c/m	α/(°)	β/(°)	d/m
M1	650	300	1 556	40	70	1
M2	650	300	1 556	40	70	2
M3	650	300	1 556	40	70	5
M4	650	300	1 556	40	70	10
M5	650	300	1 556	50	70	1
M6	650	300	1 556	50	70	2
M7	650	300	1 556	50	70	5
M8	650	300	1 556	50	70	10
M9	650	300	1 556	60	70	1
M10	650	300	1 556	60	70	2
M11	650	300	1 556	60	70	5
M12	650	300	1 556	60	70	10
M13	1 300	800	1 556	40	70	1
M14	1 300	800	1 556	40	70	2
M15	1 300	800	1 556	40	70	5
M16	1 300	800	1 556	40	70	10
M17	1 300	800	1 556	50	70	1
M18	1 300	800	1 556	50	70	2
M19	1 300	800	1 556	50	70	5
M20	1 300	800	1 556	50	70	10
M21	1 300	800	1 556	60	70	1
M22	1 300	800	1 556	60	70	2
M23	1 300	800	1 556	60	70	5
M24	1 300	800	1 556	60	70	10
M25	450	80	1 556	40	70	1
M26	450	80	1 556	40	70	2
M27	450	80	1 556	40	70	5
M28	450	80	1 556	40	70	10
M29	450	80	1 556	50	70	1
M30	450	80	1 556	50	70	2
M31	450	80	1 556	50	70	5
M32	450	80	1 556	50	70	10
M33	450	80	1 556	60	70	1
M34	450	80	1 556	60	70	2
M35	450	80	1 556	60	70	5
M36	450	80	1 556	60	70	10

图6 断裂宽度变化模拟结果等效应力等值面图(a: M1; b: M2; c: M3; d: M4)

Fig.6 3D contour plots of von Mises stress simulation results for variable fault width using models M1-4 (a-d)

图7 断裂宽度变化模拟结果体积应变等值面图(a: M1; b: M2; c: M3; d: M4)

Fig.7 3D contour plots of bulk strain simulation results for variable fault width using models M1-4 (a-d)

图8 断裂宽度变化模拟结果断裂面达西速度图(a: M1; b: M2; c: M3; d: M4)

Fig.8 3D contour plots of Darcy’s velocity in fault plane simulated for variable fault width using models M1-4 (a-d)

图9 断裂宽度变化模拟结果YZ温度切面图(a: M1; b: M2; c: M3; d: M4)

Fig.9 3D contour plots of temperature simulation results for variable fault width using models M1-4 (a-d)

图10 侵入体倾伏角变化模拟结果等效应力图(a: M1; b: M5; c: M9)

Fig.10 3D contour plots of von Mises stress simulation results for variable dip angle of porphyry intrusion using models M1,5,9 (a-c)

图11 侵入体倾伏角变化模拟结果体积应变图(a: M1; b: M5; c: M9)

Fig.11 3D contour plots of bulk strain simulation results for variable dip angle of porphyry intrusion using models M1,5,9 (a-c)

图12 侵入体倾伏角变化模拟结果断裂面达西速度图(a: M1; b: M5; c: M9)

Fig.12 3D contour plots of Darcy’s velocity in fracture plane simulated for variable dip angle of porphyry intrusion using models M1,5,9 (a-c)

图13 侵入体倾伏角变化模拟结果YZ温度切面图(a: M1; b: M5; c: M9)

Fig.13 3D contour plots of temperature simulation results for variable dip angle of porphyry intrusion using models M1,5,9 (a-c)

图14 侵入体形态变化模拟结果等效应力图(a: M2; b: M14; c: M26)

Fig.14 3D contour plots of von Mises stress simulation results for variable intrusion shape using models M2,14,26 (a-c)

图15 侵入体形态变化模拟结果体积应变图(a: M2; b: M14; c: M26)

Fig.15 3D contour plots of bulk strain simulation results for variable intrusion shape using models M2,14,26 (a-c)

图16 侵入体形态变化模拟结果断裂面达西速度图(a: M2; b: M14; c: M26)

Fig.16 3D contour plots of Darcy’s velocity in fracture plane simulated for variable intrusion shape using models M2,14,26 (a-c)

图17 侵入体形态变化模拟结果YZ温度切面图(a: M2; b: M14; c: M26)

Fig.17 3D contour plots of temperature simulation result for variable intrusion shape using models M2,14,26 (a-c)

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德兴斑岩铜矿床断裂与侵入体产状对成矿的控制作用:从力-热-流三场耦合数值模拟结果分析

Fault and intrusion control on copper mineralization in the Dexing porphyry copper deposit in Jiangxi, China: A perspective from stress deformation-heat transfer-fluid flow coupled numerical modeling

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