始新世中期安宁河断裂冲断变形特征及其构造意义:来自断层泥自生伊利石K-Ar定年的证据

doi:10.13745/j.esf.sf.2023.9.40

地学前缘 ›› 2024, Vol. 31 ›› Issue (4): 297-313.DOI: 10.13745/j.esf.sf.2023.9.40

• 非主题来稿选登：构造作用与盆地演化 • 上一篇下一篇

始新世中期安宁河断裂冲断变形特征及其构造意义:来自断层泥自生伊利石K-Ar定年的证据

童馗¹^,²^,³(), 李智武¹^,^*(), 刘树根¹^,⁴, I.Tonguç UYSAL⁵, 施泽进¹, 李金玺¹, Andrew TODD³, 武文慧¹, 王自剑⁶, 刘升武¹, 李轲¹, 华天¹

1.成都理工大学油气藏地质及开发工程全国重点实验室, 四川成都 610059
2.成都理工大学地质资源与地质工程博士后流动站, 四川成都 610059
3.CSIRO Energy, 26 Dick Perry Avenue, Kensington, WA 6151, Australia
4.西华大学, 四川成都 610039
5.School of the Environment, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
6.西南油气田分公司勘探开发研究院, 四川成都 610051

收稿日期:2023-04-17 修回日期:2023-08-30 出版日期:2024-07-25 发布日期:2024-07-10
通信作者: * 李智武(1976—),男,博士,教授,博士生导师,主要从事构造地质与低温热年代学研究工作。E-mail: lizhiwu06@cdut.edu.cn
作者简介:童馗(1991—),男,博士后,主要从事构造地质与构造年代学研究工作。E-mail: t33102@sina.cn
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金项目(42230310);国家自然科学基金项目(41472107);国家自然科学基金项目(41230313);成都理工大学珠峰研究计划项目(80000-2021ZF11408)

Middle Eocene thrusting deformation along the Anninghe fault and its regional tectonic implication: Insight from K-Ar dating of authigenic illite-bearing fault gouge

TONG Kui¹^,²^,³(), LI Zhiwu¹^,^*(), LIU Shugen¹^,⁴, I.Tonguç UYSAL⁵, SHI Zejin¹, LI Jinxi¹, Andrew TODD³, WU Wenhui¹, WANG Zijian⁶, LIU Shengwu¹, LI Ke¹, HUA Tian¹

1. State Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Reservoir Geology and Exploitation, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China
2. Post-Doctoral Research Station of Geological Resource and Geological Engineering, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China
3. CSIRO Energy, 26 Dick Perry Avenue, Kensington, WA 6151, Australia
4. Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, China
5. School of the Environment, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
6. Exploration and Development Research Institute, PetroChina Southwest Oil and Gasfield Company, Chengdu 610051, China

Received:2023-04-17 Revised:2023-08-30 Online:2024-07-25 Published:2024-07-10

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

青藏高原及其周缘褶皱-冲断带变形方式和时限是验证高原形成众多大陆岩石圈变形动力学端员模型的关键。近年发展起来的断层泥自生伊利石K-Ar定年技术为精确限定褶皱-冲断带变形时限提供了有效手段。鲜水河—安宁河—小江断裂系作为伴随印度-欧亚板块碰撞造山和高原物质侧向挤出过程形成的大型左旋走滑断裂系,其变形过程可为解译印度-欧亚板块碰撞远程应力向东传递方式提供关键证据。本文选取安宁河断裂冕宁—西昌段作为研究对象,在详细构造解析以明确其构造运动学特征的基础上,开展了断层泥自生伊利石K-Ar定年研究,以期精确限定安宁河断裂脆性变形的时间。构造解析表明安宁河断裂在近EW向挤压作用下经历了冲断变形,断层带发育碎斑岩和断层泥,指示为脆性变形。安宁河断裂不同粒级断层泥样品的黏土矿物学和伊利石K-Ar定年分析揭示,随着样品粒级减小,高温2M₁型伊利石含量相对低温1M/1M_d型伊利石含量逐渐减少,其K-Ar年龄总体呈变年轻趋势,表明不同粒级伊利石K-Ar年龄是由碎屑2M₁型和自生1M/1M_d型两个多型端员组成的混合年龄。伊利石年龄分析获得自生1M/1M_d型伊利石的年龄为(42.6±9.4)Ma,表明安宁河断裂经历了始新世中期的冲断变形。结合前人构造变形、沉积学、低温热年代学和古地磁等研究,我们认为始新世中期青藏高原腹地及其周缘褶皱-冲断带发生准同期的构造挤压变形,其动力学机制可能与印度-欧亚板块硬碰撞以及青藏高原地块的陆内俯冲所导致的先存构造带活化有关。始新世中期安宁河断裂发生冲断变形直接证明印度-欧亚板块碰撞初期的远程应力已传递至青藏高原东南缘地区。

关键词: 安宁河断裂, 断层泥, 自生伊利石, K-Ar定年, 始新世中期

Abstract:

Deformation characteristics and timing of the fold-and-thrust belt are the key in verifying the geodynamic end-member models of continental lithosphere of the Tibetan Plateau and its periphery. K-Ar dating of authigenic illite from fault gouge provides an effective means in determining the timing of deformation events in the fold-and-thrust belt. The Xianshuihe-Anninghe-Xiaojiang fault is a large-scale sinistral strike-slip fault system accompanying the collision of the Indo-Eurasian Plates and the lateral extrusion of the Tibetan Plateau. The deformation process of the Xianshuihe-Anninghe-Xiaojiang fault system can provide significant insight into how the far-field stress of the Indo-Eurasian collision is transferred eastward. In this study, we focus on the Mianning-Xichang segment of the Anninghe fault. Based on the structural analyses characterizing fault kinematics, we dated authigenic illite from fault gouge to constrain the timing of deformation events along the Anninghe fault. Structural analyses reveal that the Anninghe fault experienced thrusting deformation under the EW-oriented compression. Detailed study of illite clay mineralogy and K-Ar dating of different grain-size fractions of the fault gouge suggest that the components of high-temperature 2M₁ illite relative to those of low-temperature 1M/1M_d illite polytype gradually decrease with the decreasing K-Ar ages. These results show that different illite K-Ar ages for different grain sizes are due to the mixing of two illite polytypes, represented by detrital 2M₁ and authigenic 1M/1M_d end members. Illite Age Analysis reveals that the K-Ar age for authigenic 1M/1M_d illite is (42.6±9.4) Ma, suggesting that the thrusting deformation along the Anninghe fault occurred in the middle Eocene. Integrated with previously published tectonic, sedimentology, low-temperature thermochronology and paleomagnetism studies, it is suggested that the fold-and-thrust belt in the hinterland of the Tibetan Plateau and its periphery underwent quasi-contemporaneous tectonic compression deformation during the middle Eocene. The dynamic mechanism of this event may be related to the reactivation of the pre-existing tectonic belt caused by the combination of the hard collision of the Indo-Eurasian Plates and intra-continental subduction of the terranes within the Tibetan Plateau. The mid-Eocene thrusting event along the Anninghe fault suggests that the far-field stress from the early stage of the Indo-Eurasian collision has been transferred to the southeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau.

Key words: Anninghe fault, fault gouge, authigenic illite, K-Ar dating, middle Eocene

中图分类号:

P542
P597

童馗, 李智武, 刘树根, I.Tonguç UYSAL, 施泽进, 李金玺, Andrew TODD, 武文慧, 王自剑, 刘升武, 李轲, 华天. 始新世中期安宁河断裂冲断变形特征及其构造意义:来自断层泥自生伊利石K-Ar定年的证据[J]. 地学前缘, 2024, 31(4): 297-313.

TONG Kui, LI Zhiwu, LIU Shugen, I.Tonguç UYSAL, SHI Zejin, LI Jinxi, Andrew TODD, WU Wenhui, WANG Zijian, LIU Shengwu, LI Ke, HUA Tian. Middle Eocene thrusting deformation along the Anninghe fault and its regional tectonic implication: Insight from K-Ar dating of authigenic illite-bearing fault gouge[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 2024, 31(4): 297-313.

图/表 10

图1 青藏高原区域构造简图(a)和高原东南缘地形-构造图(b)(图1a据文献[37]修改;图1b中青藏高原东南缘断裂分布参考文献[1]) 红色虚线代表活动地块的边界[38]。不同颜色文本框中的低温热年代学年龄代表不同期次的快速隆升-剥露事件。图中GPS速率以稳定的欧亚板块为参考极,数据源自文献[39]。地震数据源自美国地质调查局网站 https://earthquake.usgs.gov/,主要显示1960年以来的5~8级地震。主干断裂等缩写:ALS-RRF—哀牢山—红河断裂;ANHF—安宁河断裂;DLSF—大凉山断裂;GZ-YSF—甘孜—玉树断裂;JH-QHF—金河—箐河断层;JL-PLF—嘉黎—帕龙藏布断裂;JLF—九龙断层;JSJF—金沙江断裂;LCJF—澜沧江断裂;LMSTB—龙门山冲断带;LTF—理塘断层;MLF—木里断层;XJF—小江断裂;XSHF—鲜水河断裂;XAXFS—鲜水河—安宁河—小江断裂系;ZMHF—则木河断裂;EHS—东构造结。

Fig.1 (a) Regional tectonic sketch of the Tibetan Plateau (modified after reference [37]). (b) Regional topography and tectonic map of the southeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau, showing the distribution of the regional faults (adapted from reference [1]).

图2 研究区地质简图(据1∶200 000地质图修改,位置见图1) F1—小金河断裂;F2—金河—箐河断裂;F3—安宁河断裂;F4—则木河断裂;F5—黑水河断裂;F6,F6’—石棉—昭觉断裂;F7—汉源—甘洛断裂。

Fig.2 Simplified geological map of the study area. Modified after 1∶200000 scaled geological map, see Figure 1 for location.

图3 安宁河断裂构造变形特征(位置见图2) a—冕宁石龙镇东侧震旦系小相岭流纹岩(Zaλ)中发育高角度逆断层f1-f3及断层面与劈理S1赤平投影分析;b—f1断层带由灰白色断层泥带、劈理化带和基岩破碎带组成,断层带内发育劈理S1,与断层面之间的锐夹角指示断层f1运动学性质为逆冲活动;c—西昌礼州鲁基村附近震旦系片理化流纹岩中逆断层f4变形特征,断层带发育构造角砾,指示为脆性变形,断层带内部劈理S1与断层面锐夹角指示断层f4为逆冲性质;d—断层泥MJ12-f显微镜下特征,单偏光下见石英颗粒表面发育破裂纹,正交偏光下可见断层泥中黏土矿物具有明显定向性;e—冕宁县南东国道108旁新元古代花岗岩和第四纪阶地砾石层中见正断层f5发育;f—正断层f5与剪节理J共轭关系以及单偏光显微镜下石英(Qz)碎裂化变形特征。

Fig.3 Structural deformation characteristics of the Anninghe fault. See Figure 2 for locations.

图4 扫描电镜和透射电子显微镜下断层泥MJ12-f 1~>0.5和<0.1 μm粒级黏土矿物学特征 a—扫描电镜下MJ12-f 1~>0.5 μm粒级伊利石黏土颗粒特征,颗粒边缘主体呈浑圆形或波状;b—扫描电镜下MJ12-f <0.1 μm粒级中伊利石矿物颗粒具短柱状、菱形边界特征(红色箭头);c,d—透射电子显微镜观测和能谱元素分析表明MJ12-f <0.1 μm粒级伊利石呈自形板状、短柱状或长柱状(红色箭头),单层结晶厚度约0.5 nm(图d1),反映最小粒级黏土主要由自生伊利石组成。

Fig.4 SEM and TEM images exhibit clay mineralogy of 1->0.5 μm and <0.1 μm grain-size fractions of the fault gouge MJ12-f

图5 安宁河断裂断层泥样品MJ12-f不同粒级黏土自然干燥和乙二醇饱和定向片XRD图谱 a—黑色和红色曲线分别代表<2 μm粒级黏土自然干燥和乙二醇饱和定向片的XRD图谱;b—蓝色、黑色、橙色和红色曲线分别代表1~>0.5、0.5~>0.2、0.2~0.1和<0.1 μm粒级自然干燥定向片的XRD图谱,绿色曲线代表<0.1 μm粒级乙二醇饱和定向片的XRD图谱。矿物缩写:Qz—石英;I—伊利石。I(001)、(002)、(003)、(020)分别代表伊利石(001)、(002)、(003)和(020)晶面的衍射峰。

Fig.5 XRD patterns for air-dried, glycoled oriented preparations of different grain-size fractions for the fault gouge MJ12-f of the Anninghe fault

图6 安宁河断裂断层泥MJ12-f不同粒级黏土样品随机粉末XRD图谱(黑线)及其最佳拟合曲线(红线) 矿物缩写:Qz—石英;I—伊利石;H—石盐。I (002)—伊利石(002)晶面衍射峰;I (020)—伊利石(020)晶面衍射峰。

Fig.6 XRD patterns (black curves) and best matches (red curves) for random powder preparations of different grain-size fractions for the fault gouge MJ12-f of the Anninghe fault

表1 安宁河断裂MJ12-f断层泥不同粒级样品黏土矿物特征

Table 1 Clay mineralogy of different grain-size fractions of the fault gouge MJ12-f of the Anninghe fault

样品	粒级/μm	黏土矿物含量/%			KI(Δ2θ)/(°)	极低级变质带	伊利石多型含量/%
样品	粒级/μm	I	Chl	Kao	KI(Δ2θ)/(°)	极低级变质带	2M₁	1M/1M_d
MJ12-f	1~>0.5	100	0	0	0.29	E	65	35
	0.5~>0.2	100	0	0	0.41	A	45	55
	0.2~0.1	100	0	0	0.70	D	30	70
	<0.1	100	0	0	0.97	D	15	85

表2 安宁河断裂MJ12-f断层泥不同粒级样品K-Ar定年结果

Table 2 K-Ar dating results for different grain-size fractions of the fault gouge MJ12-f from the Anninghe fault

样品	粒级/ μm	K含量/%	Rad.⁴⁰Ar含量/ (mol·g^-1)	Rad.⁴⁰Ar 含量/%	K-Ar年龄 (±2σ)/Ma
MJ12-f	1~>0.5	8.26	2.574×10^-9	98.8	171.3±3.9
	0.5~>0.2	7.72	2.951×10^-9	99.1	208.0±4.8
	0.2~0.1	6.97	2.001×10^-9	97.8	158.3±3.6
	<0.1	5.87	1.033×10^-9	92.1	98.7±2.3

图7 安宁河断裂断层泥MJ12-f粒级-年龄关系图(a)及自生伊利石年龄分析(b) a—1~>0.5 μm粒级的伊利石K-Ar年龄为异常年轻年龄;b—蓝线为最佳线性拟合线,灰色区域代表2σ误差范围,MSWD为加权平均误差。

Fig.7 K-Ar age versus grain size spectra (a) and authigenic illite age analysis for the fault gouge MJ12-f of the Anninghe fault (b)

图8 始新世中期青藏高原周缘主要逆冲断裂挤压变形特征亚洲大陆板块重建据文献[95]修改。地块缩写:LH—拉萨地块;QT—羌塘地块;SG—松潘-甘孜地块;KQQ—昆仑-祁连-秦岭复合体。断层缩写:ANHF—安宁河断裂;CXF—楚雄断层;EKLF—东昆仑断裂;FHF—风火山冲断层;GMF—荣玛断层;LMSTB—龙门山冲断带;LZF—鲁甸—中合江断层;NQF—柴北缘断层;NGF—囊谦—贡觉断层;WQLF—西秦岭断裂;XSHF—鲜水河断裂。

Fig.8 Middle-Eocene contractional deformation of the main thrust faults across the Tibetan Plateau. Modified after [95].

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始新世中期安宁河断裂冲断变形特征及其构造意义:来自断层泥自生伊利石K-Ar定年的证据

Middle Eocene thrusting deformation along the Anninghe fault and its regional tectonic implication: Insight from K-Ar dating of authigenic illite-bearing fault gouge

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