青藏高原地下水研究现状及主要科学问题

doi:10.13745/j.esf.sf.2025.10.16

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

作为“亚洲水塔”的青藏高原,其地下水对于维持长江、黄河、雅鲁藏布江、怒江、澜沧江等亚洲大江大河的流量稳定、保障区域生态系统健康、确保数亿人口用水安全具有不可替代的作用。然而,相对于地表水和冰川-冻土,青藏高原地下水研究十分薄弱。少数研究利用GRACE卫星数据反演,量化了地下水储量变化的发展趋势;部分研究揭示了冻融条件下局部区域地下水动态特征及生态环境效应。本文在对相关文献进行系统梳理的基础上,总结了青藏高原地下水类型及分布和地下水利用现状,粗略估算了地下水储量和地下水资源量,揭示了冰川-冻土特殊环境下地下水-地表水相互作用规律。最后,提出了青藏高原地下水研究存在的主要科学问题,包括浅表固态-液态水转化通量和机制、青藏高原地下水循环深度、青藏高原地下水储量及其变化机制。这些科学问题的解决将提升对特殊气象水文、剧烈起伏地形地貌、复杂地质构造和水文地质条件下地下水赋存规律、循环特征及水热耦合过程等理论认识,进一步丰富水文地质学的理论体系。

关键词: 冰川, 冻土, 水资源, 含水层, 构造运动, 地热

Abstract:

The Tibetan Plateau, known as the “Asian Water Tower”, harbors groundwater resources that are crucial for sustaining the flow of major Asian rivers, maintaining regional ecological balance, and ensuring water security for hundreds of millions of people. However, groundwater in this region remains poorly understood compared to surface water and glaciers-permafrost. Existing studies have primarily utilized GRACE satellite data to estimate groundwater storage changes and explored local groundwater dynamics under freeze-thaw conditions. This paper systematically reviews the types, distribution, and utilization of groundwater on the Tibetan Plateau, provides a preliminary assessment of groundwater storage and resources, and reveals the interactions between groundwater and surface water in glacial-permafrost environments. Key unresolved scientific challenges are identified, which include: (1) the mechanisms and fluxes of shallow solid-liquid water transformation, (2) the depth and patterns of groundwater circulation, and (3) the storage capacity and variation mechanisms of groundwater. Addressing these issues will deepen the theoretical understanding of groundwater storage, occurrence patterns, circulation characteristics, and water-heat coupling processes under unique meteorological, hydrological, topographic, geological, tectonic, and hydrogeological conditions, further enriching the theoretical framework of hydrogeology.

Key words: glacier, permafrost, water resources, aquifer, tectonic movement, geothermal water

中图分类号:

P641

郭华明, 高志鹏, 胡雅璐, 邢世平, 李遥, 蒋小伟, 彭建兵. 青藏高原地下水研究现状及主要科学问题[J]. 地学前缘, 2026, 33(1): 328-341.

GUO Huaming, GAO Zhipeng, HU Yalu, XING Shiping, LI Yao, JIANG Xiaowei, PENG Jianbing. Groundwater research in the Tibetan Plateau: Current understanding and key knowledge gaps[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 2026, 33(1): 328-341.

图/表 5

图1 青藏高原范围及主要流域分布图(引自文献[3])

Fig.1 Scope of the Tibetan Plateau and distribution of Major River Basins. Adapted from [3].

图2 青藏高原主要含水层类型(据文献[17]补充修改)

Fig.2 Main types of aquifers in the Tibetan Plateau. Modified after [17].

图3 我国西藏(a)和青海(b)2008—2024年生活用水供水总量、地下水供水量以及地下水供水量(据文献[52]补充修改)

Fig.3 Total domestic water supply and groundwater supply in Tibet (a) and Qinghai (b) of China from 2008 to 2024. Modified after [52].

图4 西藏地热分区(据文献[67]补充修改) I—西藏南部高温水热活动区;II—西藏中部中温水热活动区;III—西藏北部低温水热活动区;IV—西藏东部中低温水热活动区。

Fig.4 Geothermal zonation in Tibet. Modified after [67].

图5 青藏高原地下水在陆地水储量、水资源总量、河流径流量中的重要作用

Fig.5 The important role of groundwater on the Tibetan Plateau in terrestrial water storage, total water resources, and river runoff

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