喀斯特型铝土矿岩溶红土成因模式

doi:10.13745/j.esf.sf.2025.8.33

地学前缘 ›› 2025, Vol. 32 ›› Issue (5): 345-360.DOI: 10.13745/j.esf.sf.2025.8.33

喀斯特型铝土矿岩溶红土成因模式

王庆飞¹^,²^,^*(), 杨淑娟¹, 马欢¹, 刘学飞¹, 张起钻³, 李中明⁴, 赵军⁵, 崔银亮⁶, 余文超⁷, 陈方戈¹, 邓军¹^,^*

1.中国地质大学(北京) 地质过程与成矿预测全国重点实验室, 北京 100083
2.东华理工大学战略性矿产成矿理论与深部预测江西省重点实验室, 江西南昌 330013
3.中国地质调查局天津地质调查中心, 天津 300170
4.河南省地质研究院, 河南郑州 450016
5.山西省第三地质工程勘察院有限公司, 山西晋中 030620
6.云南省有色地质局, 云南昆明 650093
7.中国地质大学(武汉) 地球科学学院, 湖北武汉 430074

收稿日期:2025-07-28 修回日期:2025-08-01 出版日期:2025-09-25 发布日期:2025-10-14
通信作者: 邓军
作者简介:王庆飞(1978—),男,教授,博士生导师,主要从事区域成矿学研究。E-mail: wqf@cugb.edu.cn
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金项目(42125203);国家自然科学基金项目(42172073)

Bauxitization of allochthonous laterite in karstic depressions

WANG Qingfei¹^,²^,^*(), YANG Shujuan¹, MA Huan¹, LIU Xuefei¹, ZHANG Qizuan³, LI Zhongming⁴, ZHAO Jun⁵, CUI Yinliang⁶, YU Wenchao⁷, CHEN Fangge¹, DENG Jun¹^,^*

1. State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China
2. Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Metallogenic Theory and Deep Prediction of Strategic Mineral Resources, East China University of Technology, Nanchang 330013, China
3. Tianjin Geological Survey Centre, China Geological Survey, Tianjin 300170, China
4. Henan Academy of Geology, Zhengzhou 450016, China
5. Shanxi No.3 Institute of Geological Engineering Exploration Co., Ltd, Jingzhong 030620, China
6. Yunnan Bureau of Nonferrous Geology, Kunming 650093, China
7. School of Earth Sciences, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), Wuhan 430074, China

Received:2025-07-28 Revised:2025-08-01 Online:2025-09-25 Published:2025-10-14
Contact: DENG Jun

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

铝土矿是由铝氧化物与铝氢氧化物与黏土矿物组成的矿床,是战略性大宗矿产铝与关键金属镓的主要提供者。底板为碳酸盐岩的喀斯特型铝土矿成因独特,不能被基于连续沉积的地层学和基于原地风化作用的红土型矿床学已有理论所涵盖,成为矿床学关注的焦点问题。依据中国铝土矿时空分布、构造环境与物质来源、矿物转换与形成条件主要取得以下认识:中国铝土矿层序格架主要分布于石炭纪与二叠纪,不同时期陆内盆地、被动陆缘与孤立台地构造沉积环境与喀斯特岩溶地势联合控制了矿体分布;伸展-俯冲-碰撞不同威尔逊旋回阶段控制了多元异地物源类型;晚古生代冰期、古特提斯闭合与大火成岩省群等多因耦合促进了中国多期次与大范围成矿;岩溶洼地中成矿环境垂向分带与同沉积作用控制了矿物转化与铝富集。研究提出了喀斯特铝土矿岩溶红土成因模型,即源自构造活动区岛弧火山灰沉降或者剥蚀区硅酸盐岩风化初始产物被搬运到岩溶盆地,经表生风化作用形成红土堆积,渗流带氧化酸性过渡至潜流带还原碱性环境,使硅-铝-铁有效分离,铝氧化物与铝氢氧化物离子结晶分层富集成矿;构造-气候-岩溶多因耦合驱动了喀斯特铝土矿矿化作用。

关键词: 喀斯特型铝土矿, 红土, 风化, 异地物源, 构造-气候驱动

Abstract:

Bauxite, composed of aluminum oxides, hydroxides, and clay minerals, is the primary source for aluminum and critical metals such as gallium. Unlike lateritic bauxites overlying aluminosilicate rocks—formed through continuous sedimentation and in-situ weathering—karst-type bauxites overlying carbonate bedrock exhibit unique genetic characteristics. Through comprehensive analysis of the spatiotemporal distribution, tectonic settings, provenance, mineral transformation, and thermodynamic conditions of Chinese karst-type bauxites, this study demonstrates that: (1) Their stratigraphy is predominantly restricted to the Carboniferous and Permian; (2) Ore distribution was jointly controlled by paleogeography (intracontinental basins, passive-margin depressions, isolated carbonate platforms) and paleo-karst topography; (3) Allochthonous provenance correlated with Wilson cycle stages (continental extension, oceanic subduction, continental collision); (4) Bauxite formation resulted from coupling between Late Paleozoic glaciation, Paleo-Tethys closure, and large igneous province (LIP) activities; (5) Within karst depressions, syndepositional processes and vertical zonation in hydrology and pH-Eh conditions controlled mineral transformations and Al-Si-Fe segregation. We propose an allochthonous lateritic bauxitization model wherein volcanic arc ashes or weathered aluminosilicate debris were transported into karst depressions. Effective Al-Si-Fe segregation occurred as redox/pH conditions transitioned from an acidic/oxidizing vadose zone to an alkaline/reducing phreatic zone, resulting in stratified enrichment of aluminum (oxy) hydroxides via ionic release and crystallization. This bauxitization was ultimately driven by tectonic-climatic-karstic coupling.

Key words: karst-type bauxite, laterite, weathering, allochthonous provenances, tectonic-climatic drive

中图分类号:

P611.2

王庆飞, 杨淑娟, 马欢, 刘学飞, 张起钻, 李中明, 赵军, 崔银亮, 余文超, 陈方戈, 邓军. 喀斯特型铝土矿岩溶红土成因模式[J]. 地学前缘, 2025, 32(5): 345-360.

WANG Qingfei, YANG Shujuan, MA Huan, LIU Xuefei, ZHANG Qizuan, LI Zhongming, ZHAO Jun, CUI Yinliang, YU Wenchao, CHEN Fangge, DENG Jun. Bauxitization of allochthonous laterite in karstic depressions[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 2025, 32(5): 345-360.

图/表 15

图1 全球铝土矿成矿带分布图(据文献[23]修改) 重要喀斯特型和红土型铝土矿时空分布。

Fig.1 The distribution map of global bauxite metallogenic belts. Modified after [23].

图2 中国喀斯特型铝土矿分布图(据文献[34]修改)

Fig.2 Distribution map of karst-type bauxite in China. Modified after [34].

图3 中国早石炭世—晚三叠世喀斯特型铝土矿含矿岩系柱状图

Fig.3 Stratigraphic column of the karst bauxite-bearing sequences from Early Carboniferous to Late Triassic, China

图4 中国喀斯特型铝土矿野外地质剖面(a据文献[18,46]修改;b据文献[18]修改;c, d据文献[18]修改) a—华北边庄晚石炭世喀斯特型铝土矿床;b—华南桂西第四纪堆积型喀斯特型铝土矿;c, d—华南桂中第四纪岩溶盆地铝土矿堆积体及三水铝石结核;O2—中奥陶世;C2—晚石炭世;Q—第四纪。

Fig.4 Field geological profile of karst-type bauxite in China. a modified after [18,46]; b modified after [18]; (c, d) modified after [18].

图5 典型铝土矿剖面矿物及地球化学纵向变化(数据来自附表S1-S3;附图S1,限于篇幅,见网络版此文文献后的附表、附图——编者注) a—典型剖面岩性及主量纵向变化;b—典型剖面矿物纵向变化;c—典型剖面不同元素纵向变化。

Fig.5 Mineralogical and geochemical vertical variations in a typical bauxite profile. (a-c) data are derived from supplementary tables S1-S3 and supplementary figure S1.

图6 喀斯特型铝土矿成矿热力学条件(a据文献[50]修改;b据文献[51,52]修改) a—Si-Al溶解度和pH函数变化,S代表溶解度;b—铝土矿和红土形成的Eh-pH条件,Al-Fe等溶线是基于三水铝石和赤铁矿/针铁矿平衡(mol/L)。①~⑥代表不同Eh-pH条件的区域:在区域①和②中,Fe和Al溶解度高易淋滤,不会形成红土和铝土矿;区域③中,Fe迁移活性较低,Al优先且显著从土壤中淋失,长期作用会导致红土的形成; 区域④中,Al和Fe溶解度中等,源岩中Al和Fe较高时会分别形成铝土矿和红土;区域⑤中,地下水中通常含较高的Fe,因此主要形成红土和高铁铝土矿;区域⑥中,Fe优先且大量溶解迁出土壤,是形成铝土矿的最佳条件。

Fig.6 Thermodynamic conditions for metallogenesis of Karst-type bauxite. a modified after [50]; b modified after [51,52].

图7 喀斯特型铝土矿主要矿物共生序列(a-e据文献[23,52]修改) a—地表风化期酸性氧化环境,桂中第四纪风化物中特征矿物为三水铝石和高岭石;b—沉积成岩期碱性还原环境,桂西晚二叠世铝土矿特征矿物为硬水铝石、鲕绿泥石和氟碳钙铈矿;c—热液改造期,铝土矿经历热液作用,黔中早石炭世铝土矿特征矿物为热液伊利石;d—抬升期,铝土矿暴露在酸性氧化地表环境,桂西第四纪堆积型铝土矿特征矿物为针铁矿及少量三水铝石等矿物;e—喀斯特型铝土矿不同演化阶段主要矿物共生序列。

Fig.7 Paragenetic sequence of major minerals in karst-type bauxite. (a-e) modified after [23,52].

图8 中国铝土矿不同构造环境碎屑锆石年龄分布与形态特征(a-c据文献[17,63-64]修改) a—大陆伸展背景贵州早石炭世铝土矿碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄;b—俯冲背景桂西晚二叠世铝土矿碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄;c—岛弧拼贴背景华北晚石炭世铝土矿碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄。

Fig.8 Detrital zircon age distribution and morphological characteristics in Chinese bauxites generated in different tectonic settings. (a-c) modified after [17,63-64].

图9 喀斯特型铝土矿构造成矿模式示意图(a-c据文献[23]修改) a—大陆伸展背景沉积基底提供物质;b—大洋俯冲背景火山灰提供物质;c—岛弧拼贴背景增生岛弧提供成矿物质。

Fig.9 Tectonic-metallogenic model for karst-type bauxite deposits. (a-c) modified after [23].

图10 不同构造背景铝土矿δ202Hg-Δ199Hg和THg-Δ199Hg图解(a据文献[72-73]修改;原始数据引自文献[21]) a—华北铝土矿与陆壳熔融岩浆岩有关,华南铝土矿中有弧环境岩浆岩风化物质贡献;b—华北铝土矿样品显示陆相Hg同位素指标,华南铝土矿样品部分显示大洋Hg同位素指标,THg表示总Hg含量。

Fig.10 Detrital zircon age distribution and morphological characteristics in chinese bauxites from different tectonic settings. a modified after [72-73]; b adapted from [21].

图11 中国铝土矿成矿构造背景与古地理环境(a据文献[23]修改;b据文献[63,65]修改) a—中—晚二叠世古特提斯洋格局、大火成岩省分布与喀斯特型铝土矿分布,V1代表塔里木大火成岩省(280 Ma),V2代表斯卡格拉克大火成岩省(297 Ma),V3代表冈瓦纳大陆南缘(南羌塘-保山)成矿省(320~280 Ma);b—华南板块早石炭世-晚三叠世古地理模型,为不同时期古地理格局综合。

Fig.11 Tectonic setting and paleogeographic environment of bauxite mineralization in china. a modified after [23]; b modified after [63,65].

图12 喀斯特型铝土矿岩溶地貌控矿模式成矿期岩溶地貌由高地势溶斗溶洼向低地势溶盆溶原过渡,溶斗溶洼内矿体厚度变化大连续性差,溶盆溶原矿体厚度相对稳定连续性好;现代喀斯特化破坏沉积矿体在新的喀斯特地貌中形成堆积型矿体。

Fig.12 Karst geomorphology-controlled mineralization model of bauxite deposits

图13 华北地台矿体厚度分布与矿体厚度-品位相关性 a—华北板块喀斯特地势与矿体厚度关系;喀斯特地势高低用晚石炭世太原组煤层厚度代表,厚度越大地势越低;铝土矿厚度来自河南与山西铝土矿钻孔数据;b—河南、山西铝土矿Al2O3品位与厚度关系示意图;c—河南郁山铝土矿厚度与铁铝质层厚度、Al2O3品位关系; 数据来自河南省郁山铝土矿勘查钻孔。

Fig.13 Thickness distribution and thickness-grade correlation of ore bodies in the north china platform

图14 河南省郁山矿区钻孔位置 a—郁山矿区平面地质图与工程布置;b—郁山矿区典型勘探线剖面图,显示矿体空间形态受到石炭纪喀斯特地貌起伏与后期褶皱与断层构造联合控制。

Fig.14 Drill hole locations in the Yushan mining area, Henan Province

图15 喀斯特型铝土矿岩溶红土成矿模式图(据文献[34]修改) 显示不同成矿期矿物变化,风化残余物或/和火山灰提供主要成矿物质,异地物质搬运到喀斯特洼地中经历铝土矿化作用,不同成矿期矿物随深度有系统变化,Fe-Si被淋滤迁移导致Al在喀斯特洼地中富集。

Fig.15 Genetic model diagram of karst lateritization mineralization. Modified after [34].

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喀斯特型铝土矿岩溶红土成因模式

Bauxitization of allochthonous laterite in karstic depressions

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