基于数值模拟表征岩石组构对裂缝性储层发育影响程度的机理研究:以济阳坳陷花岗质岩石为例

doi:10.13745/j.esf.sf.2025.2.7

地学前缘 ›› 2025, Vol. 32 ›› Issue (5): 361-376.DOI: 10.13745/j.esf.sf.2025.2.7

基于数值模拟表征岩石组构对裂缝性储层发育影响程度的机理研究:以济阳坳陷花岗质岩石为例

何晓¹^,²(), 牛花朋¹^,²^,^*(), 赵贤¹^,², 周浩彦¹^,², 林伟峻¹^,², 张关龙³, 孟涛³, 穆星³

1.中国石油大学(北京) 油气资源与工程全国重点实验室, 北京 102249
2.中国石油大学(北京) 地球科学学院, 北京 102249
3.中国石油化工股份有限公司胜利油田分公司勘探开发研究院, 山东东营 257015

收稿日期:2024-12-03 修回日期:2025-02-27 出版日期:2025-09-25 发布日期:2025-10-14
通信作者: 牛花朋
作者简介:何晓(2000—),男,硕士研究生,地质工程专业。E-mail: 2022215048@student.cup.edu.cn
基金资助:
国家科技重大专项(2024ZD14049-004);中国石油化工股份有限公司研究项目“济阳坳陷太古界潜山油气成藏条件及目标评价(P22067)”

Numerical simulation method on the impact of the difference of rock composition and structure on the development mechanism of fractured reservoirs: A case study from the granitoids in Jiyang Depression

HE Xiao¹^,²(), NIU Huapeng¹^,²^,^*(), ZHAO Xian¹^,², ZHOU Haoyan¹^,², LIN Weijun¹^,², ZHANG Guanlong³, MENG Tao³, MU Xing³

1. State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Resources and Engineering, China University of Petroleum (Beijing), Beijing 102249, China
2. College of Geosciences, China University of Petroleum (Beijing), Beijing 102249, China
3. Research Institute of Exploration and Development, Sinopec Shengli Oilfield Company, Dongying 257015, China

Received:2024-12-03 Revised:2025-02-27 Online:2025-09-25 Published:2025-10-14
Contact: NIU Huapeng

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

裂缝性油气藏是全球范围内重要的油气储量增长点,已探明地质储量约占总探明地质储量的30%以上,其分布范围广泛且勘探潜力巨大。岩石组构(矿物组分、粒度和结构)是控制裂缝发育程度的根本因素,颗粒离散元法已应用于脆性矿物力学性质和微裂缝破裂机制的研究,然而岩石组构差异对裂缝发育程度的影响和机理研究较弱。本文针对组构差异约束下的花岗质基岩成缝机制这一关键科学问题,构建矿物含量、矿物粒径、矿物定向排列与宏观力学参数以及裂缝发育模式的离散元数值模型,明确岩石组构对裂缝发育的控制机理,从而为裂缝性油气藏的勘探提供指示意义。以济阳坳陷花岗质裂缝性基岩储层为例,通过岩心观察描述、铸体薄片鉴定和XRD等分析测试,定量表征岩石组构特征,建立岩石组构-裂缝预测初始离散元数值模拟模型。运用岩石单轴力学压缩试验和声发射监测,标定并验证初始模型细观参数。综合数值模拟结果,构建岩石组构对岩石力学性质和裂缝发育控制作用的综合定量预测模型。研究结果表明:(1)通过对矿物的晶内缝数量化后,发现碱性长石对储层裂缝发育贡献程度最高,其含量与岩石微裂缝发育总数呈正相关,斜长石次之,石英最低,其含量与岩石微裂缝发育总数呈负相关;(2)随着花岗质岩石粒径由2.0 mm 增大至 5.0 mm,单轴抗压强度呈下降趋势,发育微裂缝所需的构造应力越小,易于生成裂缝性储层,但在构造应力作用足够大时,微裂缝密度有所下降;(3)通过对矿物的晶间缝数量化后,发现相对于构造应力方向的矿物定向排列倾角与晶间微裂缝数占比呈正相关,具片麻理的花岗质岩石相较块状花岗质岩石的抗压强度低的,且微裂缝之间的连通性更好,更容易发育优质储层。该研究成果可为裂缝性储层预测提供重要理论依据。

关键词: 裂缝性油气藏, 岩石组构, 数值模拟, 定量预测

Abstract:

Fractured oil and gas reservoirs represent a significant source of growth for global oil and gas reserves. Their proven geological reserves constitute more than 30% of the global total. These reservoirs are widely distributed and possess substantial exploration potential. Rock composition and structure (mineral composition, grain size, texture) are fundamental factors controlling fracture development. While the particle discrete element method has been applied to study the mechanical properties of brittle minerals and microfracture mechanisms, the influence of variations in rock composition and structure on fracture development degree and its underlying mechanism have received relatively little attention. This study addresses the key scientific issue regarding the fracture mechanism in granitic bedrock considering variations in composition and structure. To address this issue, discrete element numerical models incorporating mineral content, grain size, orientation, macroscopic mechanical properties, and fracture development patterns were constructed to clarify the control mechanism of rock composition and structure on fracture development, thereby providing valuable insights for the exploration of fractured reservoirs. Using the fractured granitic bedrock reservoir in the Jiyang Depression as a case study, we quantitatively characterized the rock composition and structure through core observation, petrographic thin section analysis, and XRD. Based on these results, an initial discrete element numerical model for predicting rock composition and fractures was established. The microscopic parameters of the initial model were calibrated and verified using uniaxial compression tests and acoustic emission monitoring. Subsequently, a comprehensive quantitative model predicting the impact of rock composition and structure on mechanical properties and fracture development was developed. The main findings are as follows: (1) Quantification of intracrystalline fractures revealed that alkali feldspar makes the greatest contribution to reservoir fracture development, with its content showing a positive correlation with total microfracture density, followed by plagioclase. Quartz exhibits the lowest contribution, with its content negatively correlated. (2) As granite grain size increases from 2.0 mm to 5.0 mm, uniaxial compressive strength decreases. Consequently, smaller tectonic stresses are required to initiate microfractures, facilitating the development of fractured reservoirs. However, under sufficiently large tectonic stresses, microfracture density decreases. (3) Quantification of intercrystalline fractures showed that the inclination angle between mineral orientation and the tectonic stress direction is positively correlated with the proportion of intercrystalline microfractures. Compared to massive granite, gneissic granite exhibits lower compressive strength and enhanced microfracture connectivity, which favors the development of high-quality reservoirs. These findings provide an important theoretical basis for predicting fractured reservoirs.

Key words: fractured oil and gas reservoir, rock composition and structure, numerical simulation, quantitative prediction

中图分类号:

何晓, 牛花朋, 赵贤, 周浩彦, 林伟峻, 张关龙, 孟涛, 穆星. 基于数值模拟表征岩石组构对裂缝性储层发育影响程度的机理研究:以济阳坳陷花岗质岩石为例[J]. 地学前缘, 2025, 32(5): 361-376.

HE Xiao, NIU Huapeng, ZHAO Xian, ZHOU Haoyan, LIN Weijun, ZHANG Guanlong, MENG Tao, MU Xing. Numerical simulation method on the impact of the difference of rock composition and structure on the development mechanism of fractured reservoirs: A case study from the granitoids in Jiyang Depression[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 2025, 32(5): 361-376.

图/表 18

图1 取样区地质简图(据文献[55]修改)

Fig.1 Geological map of the sampling area. Modified after [55].

图2 样品及铸体薄片 a—0920样品,花岗闪长岩;b—0920样品,花岗闪长岩,铸体薄片(-)×50;c—0920样品,花岗闪长岩,铸体薄片(+)×50;d—1041样品,花岗闪长岩;e—1041样品,花岗闪长岩,铸体薄片(-)×50;f—1041样品,花岗闪长岩,铸体薄片(+)×50;g—1717样品,花岗闪长岩;h—1717样品,花岗闪长岩,铸体薄片(-)×50;i—1717样品,花岗闪长岩,铸体薄片(+)×50;j—1722样品,二长花岗岩;k—1722样品,二长花岗岩,铸体薄片(-)×50;l—1722样品,二长花岗岩,铸体薄片(+)×50;m—T15样品,英云闪长岩;n—T15样品,英云闪长岩,铸体薄片(-)×50;o—T15样品,英云闪长岩,铸体薄片(+)×50。Qtz—石英,Pl—斜长石,Mc—碱性长石,Bt—黑云母。

Fig.2 Samples and casting sheet

表1 样品矿物含量及粒径大小

Table 1 Mineral content and particle size of the samples

样品编号	岩性	石英含量/%	石英粒径/mm	斜长石含量/%	斜长石粒径/mm	碱性长石含量/%	碱性长石粒径/mm	暗色矿物含量/%	暗色矿物粒径/mm
0920	花岗闪长岩	29.6	1.0~3.0	52.2	1.0~3.0	13.5	1.0~2.0	4.7	1.0~2.0
1041	花岗闪长岩	38.2	1.0~4.0	39.8	1.0~3.0	18.6	1.0~4.0	3.4	1.0左右
1717	花岗闪长岩	22.0	1.0~2.5	62.3	1.0~3.5	14.8	1.0~2.0	0.9	1.0左右
1722	二长花岗岩	25.6	1.0~4.0	28.9	1.0~3.5	43.5	1.0~5.0	2.0	1.0左右
T15	英云闪长岩	17.7	1.0左右	55.0	1.0~3.5	0.0		27.3	1.0~4.5

图3 力学试样及数值模拟建模 a—0920号力学试样及数值模拟建模;b—1041号力学试样及数值模拟建模;c—1717号力学试样及数值模拟建模;d—1722号力学试样及数值模拟建模;e—T15号力学试样及数值模拟建模。

Fig.3 Mechanical specimens and numerical simulation modeling

图4 样品声发射RA-AF值散点分布及密度图

Fig.4 Scatter distribution and density diagram of RA-AF value of acoustic emission

表2 济阳坳陷花岗质岩石模型细观参数

Table 2 Mesoscopic parameters of granitic rock model in Jiyang Depression

矿物	有效模量/GPa	键有效模量/GPa	抗拉强度/MPa	黏聚力/MPa	摩擦角/(°)	摩擦系数	法向-切向刚度比
石英	55.0	55.0	90.0	162.0	55.0	0.5	1.41
斜长石	22.0	22.0	74.5	134.1	45.0	0.5	2.26
碱性长石	28.0	28.0	70.5	126.9	45.0	0.5	2.26
暗色矿物	16.0	16.0	47.0	84.6	37.0	0.5	2.82
晶界	29.0	29.0	54.0	97.2	53.0	0.5	2.26

表3 济阳坳陷花岗质岩石模型风化系数

Table 3 Weathering coefficient of granitic rock model in Jiyang Depression

模型风化系数	k
有效模量	0.75
键有效模量	0.75
抗拉强度	0.75
黏聚力	0.75
摩擦角	1
摩擦系数	1
法向-切向刚度比	1

图5 室内试验与数值模拟应力-应变关系图

Fig.5 Stress-strain relationship between laboratory test and numerical simulation

表4 室内力学试验及数值模拟力学参数

Table 4 Mechanical parameters of indoor mechanical test and numerical simulation

样品编号	实验单轴抗压强度/MPa	模拟单轴抗压强度/MPa	相对误差/ %	实验弹性模量/GPa	模拟弹性模量/GPa	相对误差/ %	实验泊松比	模拟泊松比	相对误差/ %
0920	233.907	235.936	+0.9	53.929	55.9	+3.7	0.256	0.275	+7.4
1041	176.54	171.536	-2.8	46.175	46.9	+1.6	0.251	0.241	-4.0
1717	183.703	183.339	-0.2	37.248	40.6	+0.9	0.288	0.248	-13.9
1722	219.459	222.282	+1.3	61.712	58.7	-4.9	0.283	0.263	-7.1
T15	200.174	201.064	+0.4	50.988	46.7	-8.4	0.272	0.258	-5.1

图6 试样室内单轴压缩破坏及模拟结果图

Fig.6 Uniaxial compression failure and simulation results in the sample room

表5 不同矿物含量花岗质岩石数值模拟分组

Table 5 Numerical simulation groups of granitic rocks with different mineral contents

组号	岩性	石英含量/ %	斜长石含量/ %	碱性长石含量/ %	碱性长石含量/ 斜长石含量	暗色矿物含量/ %
1	石英碱长正长岩	4.5	4.275	81.225	95/5	10.0
2	石英正长岩	7.2	16.56	66.24	80/20	10.0
3	石英二长岩	9.9	40.05	40.05	50/20	10.0
4	石英二长岩闪长/辉长岩	12.6	61.92	15.48	20/80	10.0
5	石英闪长/辉长/斜长岩	15.3	70.965	3.735	5/95	10.0
6	碱长花岗岩	18.0	3.6	68.4	95/5	10.0
7	正长花岗岩	20.7	13.86	55.44	80/20	10.0
8	二长花岗岩	23.4	33.3	33.3	50/20	10.0
9	花岗闪长岩	26.1	51.12	12.78	20/80	10.0
10	英云闪长岩	28.8	58.14	3.06	5/95	10.0
11	碱长花岗岩	31.5	2.925	55.575	95/5	10.0
12	正长花岗岩	34.2	11.16	44.64	80/20	10.0
13	二长花岗岩	36.9	26.55	26.55	50/20	10.0
14	花岗闪长岩	39.6	40.32	10.08	20/80	10.0
15	英云闪长岩	42.3	45.315	2.385	5/95	10.0
16	碱长花岗岩	45.0	2.25	42.75	95/5	10.0
17	正长花岗岩	47.7	8.46	33.84	80/20	10.0
18	二长花岗岩	50.4	19.8	19.8	50/20	10.0
19	花岗闪长岩	53.1	29.52	7.38	20/80	10.0
20	富石英花岗岩类	55.8	32.49	1.71	5/95	10.0

图7 数值模拟花岗质岩石QAP分类图

Fig.7 QAP classification map of granitic rocks

图8 矿物含量与单轴抗压强度及总微裂缝数关系图 a—石英含量与单轴抗压强度及总微裂缝数关系图;b—斜长石含量与单轴抗压强度及总微裂缝数关系图;c—碱性长石含量与单轴抗压强度及总微裂缝数关系图。

Fig.8 Relation between mineral content and uniaxial compressive strength and total number of microcracks

图9 矿物含量占比-矿物晶内缝占比关系图

Fig.9 Relationship between the proportion of mineral content and the proportion of mineral intracrystalline fractures

图10 不同粒径花岗质岩石数值模拟建模及破坏结果

Fig.10 Numerical modeling and failure results of granitic rocks with different particle sizes

图11 不同粒径花岗质岩石力学性质及微裂缝发育情况 a—矿物粒径-单轴抗压强度关系图;b—矿物粒径-总微裂缝数关系图。

Fig.11 Mechanical properties and microfracture development of granitic rocks with different particle sizes

图12 花岗质岩石矿物定向排列数值模拟建模及破坏结果

Fig.12 Numerical simulation modeling and failure results of orientation arrangement of granitic rocks and minerals

图13 不同定向排列角度花岗质岩石力学性质及微裂缝发育情况 a—矿物定向排列角度-单轴抗压强度关系图;b—矿物定向排列角度-总微裂缝数关系图;c—定向排列角度-晶间微裂缝占比关系图。

Fig.13 Directional arrangement of minerals, mechanical properties and microfracture development of granitic rocks at different angles

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基于数值模拟表征岩石组构对裂缝性储层发育影响程度的机理研究:以济阳坳陷花岗质岩石为例

Numerical simulation method on the impact of the difference of rock composition and structure on the development mechanism of fractured reservoirs: A case study from the granitoids in Jiyang Depression

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