东北印度洋源汇过程及古环境与古季风演化

doi:10.13745/j.esf.sf.2021.9.18

地学前缘 ›› 2022, Vol. 29 ›› Issue (5): 102-118.DOI: 10.13745/j.esf.sf.2021.9.18

东北印度洋源汇过程及古环境与古季风演化

官玉龙¹(), 陈亮²^,³^,^*(), 姜兆霞¹^,⁴, 李三忠¹^,⁴, 肖春凤¹, 陈龙¹

1.中国海洋大学海洋地球科学学院/深海圈层与地球系统前沿科学中心/海底科学与探测技术教育部重点实验室, 山东青岛 266100
2.国家海洋局南海调查技术中心, 广东广州 510300
3.自然资源部海洋环境探测技术与应用重点实验室, 广东广州 510300
4.青岛海洋科学与技术试点国家实验室海洋矿产资源评价与探测技术功能实验室, 山东青岛 266237

收稿日期:2021-04-10 修回日期:2021-07-25 出版日期:2022-09-25 发布日期:2022-08-24
通信作者: 陈亮
作者简介:官玉龙(1995—),男,博士研究生,主要从事沉积学与环境磁学研究工作。E-mail: sgyl1995@163.com
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金优秀青年基金项目(41922026);中央高校基本科研业务费专项(201941007)

Source-sink processes, paleoenvironment and paleomonsoon evolution in the Northeast Indian Ocean

GUAN Yulong¹(), CHEN Liang²^,³^,^*(), JIANG Zhaoxia¹^,⁴, LI Sanzhong¹^,⁴, XIAO Chunfeng¹, CHEN Long¹

1. College of Marine Geosciences/Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System/MOE Key Lab of Submarine Geosciences and Prospecting Techniques, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
2. South China Sea Marine Survey and Technology Center, State Oceanic Administration, Guangzhou 510300, China
3. Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Survey Technology and Application, Ministry of Natural Resources, Guangzhou 510300, China
4. Laboratory for Marine Mineral Resources, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China

Received:2021-04-10 Revised:2021-07-25 Online:2022-09-25 Published:2022-08-24
Contact: CHEN Liang

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

东北印度洋地理位置独特,其沉积物记录了青藏高原隆升及孟加拉扇的“源-汇”过程、印度季风与东亚季风的“海-气”交互作用、印-太暖池热传输的演变与高纬气候之间的相位关系等关键信息,是喜马拉雅地区“构造-气候-沉积”耦合演化的良好记录载体,是探讨多圈层相互作用、探索古气候与古环境演化的理想“窗口”。本文系统总结了近年来有关东北印度洋季风与表层环流特征、沉积物组成及物源、气候环境演化以及环境磁学记录等方面的研究进展。分析表明,东北印度洋为典型的季风风场,表层环流受季风影响强烈,夏季和冬季环流差异明显。沉积物类型丰富,包括河流输运而来的陆源碎屑、钙质和硅质为主的生物沉积以及火山物质等。但目前对于该区域的沉积物的具体组成、“源-汇”过程、迁移历史、季风演化与青藏高原隆升、高纬气候变化之间相互关系等方面的认识尚存在较大的分歧。同时,受样品获取难度大、磁学信号稀释严重等因素的限制,环境磁学作为一种在示踪沉积物物质来源、恢复古气候和古环境等方面被普遍认可的技术手段,在东北印度洋区并没有得到充分的发挥与应用。因此,未来需要在前人研究的基础上,将目光向东北印度洋更南、更深处延伸,对其“源-汇”过程进行全面分析。在研究方法上进一步拓展,采用更高精度的技术手段提取磁学信号,加大环境磁学的应用,寻找有效的替代性指标,解决该地区季风演化、古海洋环境变化等气候环境问题,为该地区环境气候研究提供新认识。并尝试开展地磁场长期变化(paleosecular variation, PSV)研究,建立东北印度洋的PSV记录,辅助修正全球地磁场模型,探究地球深部动力过程。

关键词: 东北印度洋, 物源, 古环境, 高原隆升, 季风演化, 环境磁学

Abstract:

The Northeast Indian Ocean (NIO) sits at a unique geographical location, where marine sediments record the source-sink processes in the Tibetan Plateau-Bengal fan, the sea-air interaction during the Indian and Asian monsoon season, and the phase relationship between the evolution of heat transfer in the Indian Pacific Warm Pool and the high-latitude climate. It records as well the climate-tectonics-sedimentation (CTS) coupling evolution in the Himalayas, and is an ideal window to study multi-sphere interactions and explore paleoclimate and paleoenvironmental changes. This paper summarizes a series of research advances in recent years on the characteristics of monsoon and surface circulation, sediment composition and provenance, climate and environmental changes, and magnetic records of the NIO. The analysis shows that the NIO is a typical monsoon wind field where the surface circulation is strongly influenced by monsoons and obviously different between summer and winter. The sediment includes terrigenous detritus zircon ransported by rivers, calcareous and siliceous biodeposits and volcanic materials. However, there are still disagreements over the regional sediment composition, source-sink processes, migration history, monsoon evolution as well as the relationship between the Tibetan Plateau uplift and high-latitude climate change in the NIO. In addition, limited by sampling issues and weak magnetic signal, environmental magnetism, a widely accepted method for sediment source tracing and paleoclimate and paleoenvironmental restoration, has not been fully developed and applied in the NIO. Therefore, it is necessary to extend research focus further south and deeper into the NIO region and conduct a comprehensive analysis of its source-sink processes in the future. In order to solve the regional climate and environmental problems such as monsoon evolution and paleomarine environmental change, and advance local environmental and climate research, method developments are needed, which include improving high precision techniques to extract magnetic signals, and finding effective proxy indicators to increase application of environmental magnetism. Also, it is very important to establish high-resolution paleosecular variation (PSV) records for revising the global geomagnetic field model and exploring the deep dynamic process of the Earth in the NIO.

Key words: Northeast Indian Ocean, provenance, paleoenvironment, plateau uplift, monsoon evolution, environmental magnetism

中图分类号:

P736.21
P724

官玉龙, 陈亮, 姜兆霞, 李三忠, 肖春凤, 陈龙. 东北印度洋源汇过程及古环境与古季风演化[J]. 地学前缘, 2022, 29(5): 102-118.

GUAN Yulong, CHEN Liang, JIANG Zhaoxia, LI Sanzhong, XIAO Chunfeng, CHEN Long. Source-sink processes, paleoenvironment and paleomonsoon evolution in the Northeast Indian Ocean[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 2022, 29(5): 102-118.

图/表 8

图1 东北印度洋位置及主要取样站位(据文献[1⇓-3]修改)

Fig.1 Location of the NIO and main sampling stations. Modified after [1⇓-3].

图2 印度洋季风以及表层环流示意图(据文献[12,14⇓-16]修改)

Fig.2 Schematic map of the India Ocean monsoon and the surface circulation. Modified after [12,14⇓-16].

表1 东北印度洋各区沉积物类型及来源

Table 1 Sediment types and sources in NIO

区域	沉积物类型	沉积物主要来源
孟加拉扇	陆源碎屑,少量火山物质、生物沉积	喜马拉雅山及青藏高原、印度、东南亚等区域
安达曼海	陆源碎屑,碳酸盐含量较低,微量火山源物质	青藏高原、马来西亚半岛等区域
中印度洋海盆	分带明显,向南陆源碎屑减少、硅质软泥增多,少量火山物质	远洋生物,青藏高原、印度、东南亚等区域
东经90°海岭	钙质软泥,少量陆源的粉砂、黏土以及火山玻璃等	远洋生物,青藏高原、印度、东南亚、印尼群岛等区域

图3 全新世各种古环境记录对比 a—Qunf洞石笋δ18O值(据文献[99]);b—三宝洞石笋δ18O值(据文献[100]);c—董歌洞石笋δ18O值(据文献[96]);d—安达曼海RC12-344的δ18OSW值(据文献[103]);e—阿拉伯海 SO90-111KL TOC值(据文献[102]);f—安达曼海ADM-C1 平均粒径值(据文献[104]);g-i—安达曼海ADM-C1浮游有孔虫Q型因子1-3载荷(据文献[105])

Fig.3 Comparison of Holocene paleoenvironmental records

图4 东北印度洋表层水温度(a)、盐度(b)变化(据文献[112]修改)

Fig.4 Changes of surface water temperature (a) and salinity (b) in NIO. Modified after [112].

表2 东北印度洋各区域磁学特征

Table 2 Magnetic characteristics of various regions in NIO

区域	岩心	沉积物类型	磁性矿物类型	磁畴	参考文献
孟加拉湾	MD77-180	陆源泥质黏土和钙质软泥	钛磁铁矿	PSD	[83]
孟加拉湾	MD77-181	粉砂质黏土	磁铁矿	PSD	[82,94]
孟加拉湾	GD盆地	粗粒玄武质、硅质碎屑	软铁磁性矿物	SD	[122]
孟加拉湾	MD161系列	细粒碎屑和碳酸盐组分	钛磁铁矿,少量钛赤铁矿	SP/SD	[123-124]
安达曼海	MD77-169	黏土和粉砂质泥	钛磁铁矿	PSD	[83]

图5 东北印度洋磁化率对比图(据文献[34,82-83])

Fig.5 Comparison of magnetic susceptibility in NIO. Adapted from [34,82-83].

图6 KG盆地MD161/11、海南双池岭以及日本琵琶湖古倾角变化(据文献[124,133-134])

Fig.6 Temporal variation of records from MD161/11 in KG basin, SCL Lake in Hainan and Biwa Lake in Japan. Adapted from [124,133-134].

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东北印度洋源汇过程及古环境与古季风演化

Source-sink processes, paleoenvironment and paleomonsoon evolution in the Northeast Indian Ocean

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