PTME后华北板块南缘生物复苏后期古环境特征:来自豫西登封中三叠统二马营组的证据

doi:10.13745/j.esf.sf.2023.3.5

地学前缘 ›› 2023, Vol. 30 ›› Issue (5): 491-509.DOI: 10.13745/j.esf.sf.2023.3.5

PTME后华北板块南缘生物复苏后期古环境特征:来自豫西登封中三叠统二马营组的证据

邢智峰¹^,²^,³(), 张湘赟¹, 李婉颖¹, 齐永安¹^,²^,³, 郑伟¹^,²^,³^,^*(), 吴盼盼¹, 张立军¹^,²^,³

1.河南理工大学资源环境学院, 河南焦作 454003
2.河南省生物遗迹与成矿过程重点实验室, 河南焦作 454003
3.中原经济区煤层气与页岩气协同创新中心, 河南焦作 454003

收稿日期:2022-09-08 修回日期:2023-01-31 出版日期:2023-09-25 发布日期:2023-10-20
通讯作者: 郑伟
作者简介:邢智峰(1973—),女,博士,副教授,主要从事沉积学、古生物学、遗迹学等研究工作。E-mail: xingzhifeng925@hpu.edu.cn
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金项目(41772110);国家自然科学基金项目(41872111);国家自然科学基金项目(41902113);河南理工大学创新型科研团队支持计划项目(T2022-05);河南理工大学博士基金项目(B2020-54)

Paleoenvironmental characteristics in the late stage of biosphere recovery in the southern margin of the North China Plate after PTME—evidence from the Middle Triassic Ermaying Formation

XING Zhifeng¹^,²^,³(), ZHANG Xiangyun¹, LI Wanying¹, QI Yong’an¹^,²^,³, ZHENG Wei¹^,²^,³^,^*(), WU Panpan¹, ZHANG Lijun¹^,²^,³

1. Institute of Resources and Environment, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454003, China
2. Key Laboratory of Biogenic Traces and Sedimentary Minerals of Henan Province, Jiaozuo 454003, China
3. Central Plains Economic Zone Coalbed Methane and Shale Gas Collaborative Innovation Center, Jiaozuo 454003, China

Received:2022-09-08 Revised:2023-01-31 Online:2023-09-25 Published:2023-10-20
Contact: ZHENG Wei

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

三叠纪是二叠—三叠纪生物大灭绝(PTME)之后生态系统恢复的重要时期,也是构造格局的重要转型期。中三叠世生态系统已逐渐恢复,处于生物复苏的后期,该时期的古环境特征、古生物面貌都对生态系统的恢复具有重要意义。本研究通过对豫西地区登封白坪中三叠统二马营组剖面的详细实测和样品的测试分析,运用沉积学和地球化学等方法,进行古环境特征分析。结果表明:(1)二马营组下段以黄绿色细粒长石砂岩与紫红色泥岩不等厚互层为主,发育曲流河的4个沉积旋回;中段底部以厚层黄绿色长石石英砂岩为主,上部出现频繁的砂泥互层,为滨浅湖沉积;二马营组中下段经历了由粗组分为主向细组分为主的多次转变,后期由河流相逐渐转变为滨浅湖相沉积。(2)地化样品中Mg/Ca以及Sr/Cu值(1.8~5.2,均值为3.5)均较低,显示二马营组整体处于温暖湿润的气候条件;Sr/Ba(0.15~0.42,均值为0.29)、∑LREE/∑HREE、Ce异常指数以及氧化还原敏感元素U、V、Cr、Ni、Co等的比值均显示二马营组沉积期为氧化条件为主的陆相淡水沉积环境。综上所述,豫西登封二马营组为一套典型的河湖相沉积,与下伏和尚沟组相比,在古气候方面出现明显的转变,由干旱炎热逐渐转变为温暖湿润的气候,为生态系统的恢复起到了重要的作用。

关键词: 中三叠统, 二马营组, 古环境, 登封地区, 生态系统恢复

Abstract:

The Triassic is an important period of ecological recovery after the Permian-Triassic Mass Extinction (PTME) and also an important tectonic transition period. As ecosystem recovery was near completion in the Middle Triassic while biosphere recovery was in the late stage, the environmental and paleontological condition of this period was greatly important to a full ecological recovery. Based on detailed geologic profile study and sample testing conducted in the Middle Triassic Ermaying Formation in Baiping, Dengfeng, western Henan, the Middle Triassic sedimentary environment and paleoenvironmental changes were analyzed by sedimentology and geochemical methods. The results show that (1) The lower member of the Ermaying Formation (layers 2-18) developed four sedimentary cycles under meandering river environment, where mainly composed of yellow-green fine-grained feldspar sandstone and purplered mudstone with unequal thickness interbeds. The middle member (layers 19-25) is dominated by thick yellow-green feldspathic quartz sandstone in the bottom and frequently interbedded mudstone and sandstone in the upper, which is the shore-shallow lake deposition. From the lower to the middle member, Ermaying Formation experienced alternating depositions of coarse-grained and fine-grained sediment, and gradually changed from fluvial facies to shore-shallow lake facies. (2) The low Mg/Ca and Sr/Cu ratios (1.8-5.2, averaging 3.5) of samples indicate the Ermaying Formation was deposited under warm and humid climate conditions. The Sr/Ba (0.15-0.42, averaging 0.29) and ∑LREE/∑HREE ratios, Ce anomaly index and elemental ratios of redox sensitive elements (U, V, Cr, Ni, Co) in the Ermaying Formation indicate its sedimentary environment type is continental freshwater under oxidation conditions. In summary, the Ermaying Formation has typical fluvial-lacustrine sedimentary facies, and, compared with the underlying Heshanggou Formation, its paleoclimate obviously changed from arid and hot to warm and humid, which plays an important role in the ecosystem recovery.

Key words: Middle Triassic, Ermaying Formation, paleoenvironment, Dengfeng area, ecosystem recovery

中图分类号:

邢智峰, 张湘赟, 李婉颖, 齐永安, 郑伟, 吴盼盼, 张立军. PTME后华北板块南缘生物复苏后期古环境特征:来自豫西登封中三叠统二马营组的证据[J]. 地学前缘, 2023, 30(5): 491-509.

XING Zhifeng, ZHANG Xiangyun, LI Wanying, QI Yong’an, ZHENG Wei, WU Panpan, ZHANG Lijun. Paleoenvironmental characteristics in the late stage of biosphere recovery in the southern margin of the North China Plate after PTME—evidence from the Middle Triassic Ermaying Formation[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 2023, 30(5): 491-509.

图/表 19

图1 研究区域地质图

Fig.1 Location and geological setting of the study area

图2 豫西登封白坪二马营组综合柱状图

Fig.2 Composite column diagram of the Ermaying Formation in Baiping, Dengfeng, western Henan

图3 登封白坪二马营组下段沉积构造与微观结构 A—第2层黄绿色细粒长石石英砂岩; B—第3层紫红色粉砂岩与紫红色泥岩互层; C—第4层灰黄色细粒长石砂岩; D—A中样品镜下照片, 50×; E—B中样品紫红色粉砂岩镜下照片, 50×; F—C中样品镜下照片, 50×; G—第9层紫红色粉砂质泥岩; H—下段灰黄色粉砂质泥岩; I—第6层砾岩; J—G中样品镜下照片, 50×; K—H中样品镜下照片, 50×; L—第13层发育的钙质结核。

Fig.3 Structural and microstructural characteristics of sedimentary rocks of the lower members of the Ermaying Formation in Baiping, Dengfeng

图4 登封白坪二马营组中段沉积构造与微观结构 A—黄绿色长石石英砂岩; B—灰黄色细砂岩; C—紫红色泥岩(发育遗迹化石); D—A中样品岩石薄片(P为长石, Q为石英), 50×; E—B中紫红色粉砂岩岩石薄片, 50×; F—灰黄色细砂岩(楔状交错层理和平行层理)。

Fig.4 Structural and microstructural characteristics of sedimentary rocks of the middle section of the Ermaying Formation in Baiping, Dengfeng

表1 图解法计算沉积物粒度参数公式(据文献[24]修改)

Table 1 Formulas for calculating sediment particle size parameters by graphical method. Modified after [24].

参数	福克和沃德公式
平均粒径Mz	$M z = ϕ 16 + ϕ 50 + ϕ 84 3$
标准偏差σ	$σ = ϕ 84 - ϕ 16 4 + ϕ 95 - ϕ 5 6.6$
偏度SK	$S K = ϕ 16 + ϕ 84 - 2 ϕ 50 2 (ϕ 84 - ϕ 16) + ϕ 5 + ϕ 95 - 2 ϕ 50 2 (ϕ 95 - ϕ 5)$
峰度K_G	$K G = ϕ 95 - ϕ 5 2.44 (ϕ 75 - ϕ 25)$

表1 图解法计算沉积物粒度参数公式(据文献[24]修改)

Table 1 Formulas for calculating sediment particle size parameters by graphical method. Modified after [24].

参数	福克和沃德公式
平均粒径Mz	$M z = ϕ 16 + ϕ 50 + ϕ 84 3$
标准偏差σ	$σ = ϕ 84 - ϕ 16 4 + ϕ 95 - ϕ 5 6.6$
偏度SK	$S K = ϕ 16 + ϕ 84 - 2 ϕ 50 2 (ϕ 84 - ϕ 16) + ϕ 5 + ϕ 95 - 2 ϕ 50 2 (ϕ 95 - ϕ 5)$
峰度K_G	$K G = ϕ 95 - ϕ 5 2.44 (ϕ 75 - ϕ 25)$

表2 登封白坪二马营组中、下段砂岩粒度参数

Table 2 Grain size parameters for sandstone from the middle and lower members of the Ermaying Formation in Baiping, Dengfeng

层位	ϕ₅/Φ	ϕ₁₆/Φ	ϕ₂₅/Φ	ϕ₅₀/Φ	ϕ₇₅/Φ	ϕ₈₄/Φ	ϕ₉₅/Φ	Mz/Φ	σ	SK	K_G
2	3.150	3.474	3.644	3.837	4.059	4.322	4.644	3.877	0.461	0.113	1.475
3	2.450	2.837	3.059	3.322	3.644	3.837	4.150	3.332	0.508	0.002	1.047
4	2.943	3.059	3.322	3.644	3.950	4.059	4.322	3.587	0.459	0.007	0.900
6	2.350	2.837	2.943	3.350	3.837	4.059	4.450	3.415	0.624	0.138	0.964
14	2.396	2.750	2.943	3.322	3.644	3.837	4.322	3.303	0.563	-0.004	1.127
19	2.474	2.850	2.943	3.184	3.550	3.837	4.250	2.290	0.516	0.261	1.200
21	2.837	3.059	3.184	3.644	3.837	4.150	4.550	3.618	0.532	-0.007	1.077
23	2.322	2.737	2.943	3.322	3.644	3.837	4.150	3.298	0.552	-0.079	1.070
24	2.850	3.050	3.322	3.644	3.850	3.950	4.322	3.548	0.448	-0.199	1.142

图5 登封白坪二马营组中、下段岩石颗粒粒度参数变化

Fig.5 Variation of sandstone grain size in the middle and lower members of the Ermaying Formation in Baiping, Dengfeng

图6 登封白坪二马营组中、下段概率值累积曲线

Fig.6 Cumulative curves and histograms for clastic rock samples from the middle and lower members of the Ermaying Formation in Baiping, Dengfeng

图7 登封白坪二马营组中、下段遗迹化石

Fig.7 Trace fossils from the middle and lower members of the Ermaying Formation in Baiping, Dengfeng A—Arenicolites isp.; B—Palaeophycus tubularis; C—Skolithos annulatus; D—Palaeophycus tubularis; E—Palaeophycus heberti; F—Planolites beverleyensis; G—Skolithos verticalis; H—Skolithos isp.; I—Palaeophycus heberti; J—Palaeophycus tubularis; K—Planolites beverleyensis; L—Planolites montanus。

表3 登封白坪地区二马营组中、下段泥岩主量元素含量

Table 3 Major element percent compositions of mudstone samples from the middle and lower members of the Ermaying Formation in Baiping, Dengfeng

样品	w_B/%
样品	Al₂O₃	K₂O	MgO	MnO	Na₂O	P₂O₅	TFe₂O₃	TiO₂	SiO₂	CaO	烧失量
DF-H-64	12.11	2.21	2.67	0.12	1.00	0.14	6.04	0.75	51.55	10.95	12.24
DF-H-66	17.88	3.28	3.30	0.10	0.87	0.23	7.86	0.80	59.06	0.98	5.57
DF-E-3	13.50	3.42	2.70	0.14	1.11	0.19	5.53	0.61	51.42	9.99	11.35
DF-E-12	15.79	3.93	3.07	0.07	1.26	0.23	6.34	0.71	55.52	5.21	7.84
DF-E-19	14.14	3.52	2.95	0.07	1.17	0.21	5.92	0.65	54.10	7.44	9.09
DF-E-14CW	13.72	3.34	2.39	0.10	1.27	0.22	5.10	0.64	53.51	9.06	14.48
DF-E-31	16.60	4.21	3.37	0.08	0.52	0.20	7.46	0.71	51.66	5.72	8.67
DF-E-17CW	15.24	4.09	2.94	0.09	0.15	0.11	6.21	0.59	45.55	11.40	13.07
DF-E-46	12.96	3.24	2.78	0.15	0.23	0.13	5.59	0.54	40.59	16.45	16.74
DF-E-51	14.03	3.17	3.08	0.08	1.04	0.20	6.46	0.66	49.93	9.80	10.94
DF-E-N5W	14.22	3.38	3.22	0.10	0.57	0.20	6.36	0.65	50.08	9.52	11.30
DF-E-62	13.94	3.11	2.98	0.08	1.43	0.18	6.08	0.62	51.85	9.22	10.03

表4 登封白坪地区二马营组中、下段泥岩元素含量

Table 4 Element content of mudstone in the middle and lower members of Ermaying Formation in Baiping area, Dengfeng

图8 登封白坪二马营组中、下段常见微量元素对古气候影响折线图

Fig.8 Broken-line graphs showing the impact of common trace elements on paleoclimate in the middle and lower members of the Ermaying Formation in Baiping, Dengfeng

图9 登封白坪二马营组中、下段多指标指示的古环境变化

Fig.9 Paleoenvironmental changes in the middle and lower members of the Ermaying Formation in Baiping, Dengfeng by multi-proxy approach

表5 登封白坪地区二马营组稀土元素素分析结果

Table 5 Rare earth element analysis of Ermaying Format tion in Baiping area,Dengfeng

图10 登封白坪地区泥岩稀土元素分布模式

Fig.10 Chondrite-normalized REE patterns for mudstone samples from Baiping, Dengfeng

图11 登封白坪二马营组泥岩样品中δCe与δEu、(Dy/Sm)N和∑REE含量的相关关系

Fig.11 Rear earth element geochemistry of mudstone from the Ermaying Formation in Baiping, Dengfeng

图12 早—中三叠世陕西石川河、豫西济源与登封、山西宁武古地理图(据文献[48]修改)

Fig.12 Paleogeographic map of the Shichuanhe, Shaanxi-Jiyuan/Dengfeng, western Henan-Ningwu, Shanxi areas in the Early-Middle Triassic. Modified after [48].

图13 三叠纪陕西石川河、豫西济源与登封、山西宁武岩性柱状图对比(据文献[7,48-49])

Fig.13 Stratigraphic correlation between the study area and its surrounding areas in the Triassic. Adapted from [7,48-49].

表6 陕西石川河、豫西济源、山西宁武以及研究区三叠纪二马营组地层对比

Table 6 Paleo-facies/paleo-climate/paleoontology correlation between the Triassic Ermaying Formation in different areas

古地理特征	陕西石川河二马营组	豫西济源二马营组	山西宁武二马营组	豫西登封二马营组(研究区)
岩性	块状砂岩和薄-中层粉砂岩	暗紫、灰紫色黏土岩、钙质黏土岩、粉砂岩与灰紫色长石石英砂岩不等厚互层	浅黄绿色厚层-块状中粗砂岩与紫红色巨厚层细粉砂岩互层为主	黄绿色、紫红色长石砂岩、紫红色泥岩
沉积相	河流相	河湖相	曲流河相	曲流河相
气候	温湿	干旱氧化与温湿还原交替	温湿	湿润与干旱交替的环境
遗迹化石	Gordia indianaensis、Palaeophycus tubularis、Palaeophycus isp.、Planolites beverleyensis、Planolites isp.、Scoyenia gracilis、Skolithos linearis、Skolithos isp.、Teanidium isp.、根迹等7属10种	Skolithos linearis、Palaeophycus tubularis、Palaeophycus alternatus、Scoyenia gracilis、Planolites beverleyensis、Planolites montanus、Taenidium barretti、Didymaulichnus roualti、根迹等7属9种		Skolithos、Palaeophycus、Arenicolites、Planolites、Scoyenia、Beaconites等6属
轮藻化石	Stellatocharahollvicensis、 S.hanchengensis、 Stenocharaovata等种	Stellatochara、Stenochara、Cuneatochara、Porochara、Porosphaera等属

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PTME后华北板块南缘生物复苏后期古环境特征:来自豫西登封中三叠统二马营组的证据

Paleoenvironmental characteristics in the late stage of biosphere recovery in the southern margin of the North China Plate after PTME—evidence from the Middle Triassic Ermaying Formation

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