晚中新世以来孟加拉-尼科巴扇跷跷板式沉积转换及其源-汇成因机制

doi:10.13745/j.esf.sf.2022.1.1

地学前缘 ›› 2022, Vol. 29 ›› Issue (4): 25-41.DOI: 10.13745/j.esf.sf.2022.1.1

晚中新世以来孟加拉-尼科巴扇跷跷板式沉积转换及其源-汇成因机制

龚承林¹^,²(), 刘力³, 邵大力⁴, 郭荣涛⁵, 朱一杰², 齐昆²

1.油气资源与探测国家重点实验室(中国石油大学(北京)), 北京 102249
2.中国石油大学(北京) 地球科学学院, 北京 102249
3.中国地质大学(北京) 科学研究院地质过程与矿产资源国家重点实验室, 北京 100083
4.中国石油杭州地质研究院, 浙江杭州 310023
5.中国石化石油勘探开发研究院, 北京 100083

收稿日期:2021-08-24 修回日期:2021-11-01 出版日期:2022-07-25 发布日期:2022-07-28
作者简介:龚承林(1983—),男,博士,教授,博士生导师,主要从事深水沉积学和层序地层学研究。E-mail: chenglingong@cup.edu.cn
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金项目(41972100);国家自然科学基金项目(41802117);中国石油大学(北京)地球科学学院优秀青年创新团队项目(2462020YXZZ020)

Depositional patterns of the Bengal-Nicobar Fan system since the Late Miocene: Seesaw-like stepwise changes and the source-sink model

GONG Chenglin¹^,²(), LIU Li³, SHAO Dali⁴, GUO Rongtao⁵, ZHU Yijie², QI Kun²

1. State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Resources and Prospecting, China University of Petroleum(Beijing), Beijing 102249, China
2. College of Geosciences, China University of Petroleum(Beijing), Beijing 102249, China
3. State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources, Institute of Earth Sciences, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China
4. PetroChina Hangzhou Research Institute of Geology, Hangzhou 310023, China
5. Sinopec Petroleum Exploration & Production Research Institute, Beijing 100083, China

Received:2021-08-24 Revised:2021-11-01 Online:2022-07-25 Published:2022-07-28

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

利用沉积转换事件再造关键变革期的构造活动和气候演变是源-汇系统研究的新动向和切入点。新生代以来,印度大陆与亚洲大陆的汇聚隆升以及喜马拉雅-青藏高原的剥蚀、向孟加拉湾的物质输入,形成了当今世界上最大的源-汇系统(喜马拉雅-孟加拉湾源-汇系统)。利用3D地震数据和IODP 354与362航次获取的碎屑锆石数据揭示了晚中新世以来孟加拉-尼科巴扇沉积转换事件及其源-汇成因机制。研究认为尼科巴扇和孟加拉扇经历了此消彼长的沉积建造过程:尼科巴扇经历了“晚中新世快速进积→上新世缓慢建造→第四纪相对静止”的建造过程;而孟加拉扇经历了“晚中新世相对静止→上新世缓慢建造→第四纪快速进积”的沉积建造过程。喜马拉雅-孟加拉湾源-汇系统碎屑锆石年龄核密度统计结果显示:晚中新世以来,指示古布拉马普特拉河迁移演化路径的60~0 Ma碎屑锆石在若开-尼科巴扇呈现出逐渐减少的变化趋势,而在孟加拉扇呈现出逐渐增多的变化趋势。这一碎屑锆石年龄核密度变化特征表明:(1)在晚中新世,古布拉马普特拉河主沉积物分散路径靠近孟加拉湾东部一侧发育且大量碎屑颗粒向尼科巴扇搬运分散,形成“快速进积的尼科巴扇和相对静止的孟加拉扇”;(2)在上新世初,青藏高原隆升所诱发的西隆高原抬升使古布拉马普特拉河向西迁移分流,在古西隆高原北缘Mikir山附近分流为东西两支,东支向尼科巴扇搬运分散的碎屑颗粒开始减少,而西支向孟加拉扇搬运分散的碎屑颗粒开始增多,形成“以缓慢建造为演化特征的尼科巴-孟加拉扇”;(3)在第四纪初,印度板块-亚洲板块最强碰撞造成青藏高原最强隆升并达到最大海拔高度,古布拉马普特拉河东支袭夺废弃,向尼科巴扇卸载的沉积物相应显著减少,而古布拉马普特拉河西支与恒河并流后向孟加拉扇卸载的沉积物亦相应显著增加,形成“相对静止的尼科巴扇和快速进积的孟加拉扇”。由此可见,尼科巴-孟加拉扇“此消彼长的跷跷板式沉积转换事件”是古布拉马普特拉河沉积物分散路径迁移演化的源-汇响应;其在上新世-第四纪之交发生了一起最为显著的沉积转换事件,其是上新世晚期印度板块-亚洲板块碰撞的源-汇响应。

关键词: 源-汇系统, 孟加拉-尼科巴扇, 沉积转换事件, 青藏高原隆升, 布拉马普特拉河

Abstract:

Tectonic and climate reconstruction based on punctuated, abrupt changes in depositional patterns represents a new research focus in source-sink analysis. Since the Cenozoic, the convergence of the India and Asian plates, and the subsequent Himalayan exhumation, erosion and sediment transport to the Bengal Bay, formed the world largest source-sink system. Our current study mainly employed 3D seismic and detrital zircon U-Pb age data to address the punctuated, abrupt changes in the depositional patterns of the Bengal-Nicobar Fan system since the Late Miocene, and explore the genetic mechanism of these changes according to the source-sink model. Our findings suggest a seesaw-like stepwise evolution and development of the Bengal-Nicobar Fan system. The Nicobar Fan experienced progradation in the Late Miocene, slow growth in the Pliocene and dormant growth in the Quaternary, which run opposite to the evolution of the Bengal Fan. The U-Pb detrital zircon chronology of the Himalayan-Bengal source-sink system by normalized kernel-density estimates suggest that since the Late Miocene, the 60-0 Ma zircon age populations (indicative of the Brahmaputra sediment routing system) progressively decreased in the Rakhine-Nicobar Fan while increased gradually in the Bengal Fan, revealing an overall stepwise evolutionary pattern of the Brahmaputra sediment routing system. In the Late Miocene, the Brahmaputra River with robust delivery capacity developed along the eastern Bengal Bay delivering large volume of clastic detritus into the Nicobar Fan; whereas the Tista and Ganges Rivers with low delivery capacity developed along the western Bengal Bay transporting small volume of detrital sediments into the Bengal Fan. Such a sediment routing system fostered progradation in the Nicobar Fan and dormant growth in the Bengal Fan. In the Pliocene, the uplift of the Shillong Plateau led to divergence of the Brahmaputra River into eastern and western tributaries. The eastern Brahmaputra tributary with deceased delivery capacity delivered less clastic detritus into the Nicobar Fan, whereas the western Brahmaputra River merged with the Tista and Ganges Rivers to deliver more detrital sediments into the Bengal Fan. Such a sediment routing system fostered slow growth in the Nicobar and Bengal Fans. In the Quaternary, convergence of the Shillong Plateau and Indo-Burman Ranges disrupted sediment transport to the Nicobar Fan via the eastern Brahmaputra tributary; whereas the merge of Brahmaputra River with Tista and Ganges Rivers ensured all sediment budget going into the Bengal Fan. Such a sediment routing system fostered progradation in the Bengal Fan and relatively slow growth in the Nicobar Fan. The most prominent changes in the depositional patterns of the Bengal-Nicobar Fans happened in the Late Pliocene reflecting the source-sink depositional response to the most intense collision between the Indian and Asian plates.

Key words: source-sink systems, Bengal-Nicobar Fans, stepwise changes in depositional patterns, uplift of the Tibetan Plateau, Brahmaputra River

中图分类号:

龚承林, 刘力, 邵大力, 郭荣涛, 朱一杰, 齐昆. 晚中新世以来孟加拉-尼科巴扇跷跷板式沉积转换及其源-汇成因机制[J]. 地学前缘, 2022, 29(4): 25-41.

GONG Chenglin, LIU Li, SHAO Dali, GUO Rongtao, ZHU Yijie, QI Kun. Depositional patterns of the Bengal-Nicobar Fan system since the Late Miocene: Seesaw-like stepwise changes and the source-sink model[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 2022, 29(4): 25-41.

图/表 11

图1 (a)区域地貌图示意了喜马拉雅-孟加拉湾源-汇系统的构成单元,图2、3、4a和4b所示地震剖面的平面位置以及图5~7所示均方根属性图的区域位置;(b,c)现今恒河和布拉马普特拉河碎屑锆石年龄核密度扇形统计图(锆石铀铅年龄误差2σ,核密度带宽8)(锆石年龄数据引自文献[22])

Fig.1 Regional map showing the elements of the Tibetan Plateau-Bengal source-to-sink system (a), and pie diagrams of normalized U-Pb detrital zircon kernel-density estimates (KDE) (data from [22]) for the modern Ganges (b) and Brahmaputra Rivers (c)

图2 区域地震剖面(剖面位置见图1)及其对应解释刻画了尼科巴扇晚中新世以来的沉积演化过程(晚中新世快速进积→上新世缓慢建造→第四纪相对静止)

Fig.2 Regional seismic transect (line locations see Fig.1) and interpretations illustrating the depositional evolution of the Nicobar Fan since the Late Miocene (Late Miocene progradation→Pliocene slow growth→Quaternary dormant growth)

图3 (a,b)区域地震剖面(剖面位置见图1)及其对应解释刻画了尼科巴扇晚中新世以来的沉积演化过程;(c-e)尼科巴扇IODP362航次碎屑锆石年龄在主要构造层序内的扇形统计图(数据引自文献[27])

Fig.3 (a, b) Regional seismic transects (line locations see Fig.1) and interpretations illustrating the depositional evolution of the Nicobar Fan since the Late Miocene, and pie diagrams of detrital zircon U-Pb ages (from [27]) for major tectonostratigraphic domains of IODP362 sites (c-e) on the Nicobar Fan

图4 (a)区域地震剖面(剖面位置见图1)刻画了若开海域陆架边缘的沉积建造过程及陆架坡折运动学特征;(b)垂直物源方向的地震剖面(剖面位置见图1)揭示了陆架下切谷剖面特征(地震剖面引自文献[34])

Fig.4 (a) Regional seismic transect (line locations see Fig.1) showing the development of the Rakhine shelf margin and kinematics of the Rakhine shelf edges (seismic profile compiled from [34]), and (b) seismic profile (line location see Fig.1) along the depositional dip showing cross-sectional seismic manifestations of valleys on the Rakhine shelf

图5 典型均方根振幅属性图及其对应解释(区域位置见图1)刻画了晚中新世早期(a)和晚期(b)若开-尼科巴扇的沉积构成特征

Fig.5 Representative RMS attribute maps (locations see Fig.1) with interpretations illustrating the architectures of the early (a) and late (b) Late Miocene Rakhine-Nicobar Fan

图6 典型均方根振幅属性图及其对应解释(区域位置见图1)刻画了上新世早期(a)和晚期(b)若开-尼科巴扇的沉积构成特征

Fig.6 Representative RMS attribute maps (locations see Fig.1) with interpretations illustrating the architectures of the early (a) and late (b) Pliocene Rakhine-Nicobar Fan

图7 典型均方根振幅属性图及其对应解释(区域位置见图1)刻画了早期(a)和晚期(b)第四纪若开-尼科巴扇的沉积构成特征

Fig.7 Representative RMS attribute maps (locations see Fig.1) with interpretations illustrating the architectures of the early (a) and late (b) Quaternary Rakhine-Nicobar Fan

图8 晚中新世以来孟加拉-尼科巴扇区域地层(上中新统、上新统和第四系)划分对比剖面(原始数据获取自IODP 354和362航次成果)

Fig.8 Stratigraphic correlations between the Bengal and Nicobar Fans (well loges complied from IODP 354 and 362)

图9 (a,b)典型地震剖面(剖面位置见图1)示意了晚中新世以来孟加拉扇的构成特征和演化过程(原始地震剖面获取自IODP 354航次成果);(c-e)孟加拉扇IODP354航次碎屑锆石年龄在主要构造层序内的扇形统计图(数据引自文献[22])

Fig.9 (a, b) Representative seismic lines and interpretations showing the architecture and development of the Bengal Fan since the Late Miocene (uninterpreted seismic line downloaded from IODP site 354), and (c-e) pie diagrams of detrital zircon U-Pb ages (from [22]) for major tectonostratigraphic domains of IODP354 sites on the Bengal Fan

图10 喜马拉雅-孟加拉湾源-汇系统碎屑锆石年龄核密度在主要构造层序内(晚中新世、上新世和第四纪)的统计结果(Kernel density estimation)一览(锆石铀铅年龄误差2σ,核密度带宽8)(数据引自文献[22,27])

Fig.10 Normalized KDE plots of detrital zircon U-Pb ages (from [22,27]) for major tectonostratigraphic domains of different periods (modern, Late Miocene, Pliocene, Quaternary)

图11 孟加拉-尼科巴扇晚中新世以来沉积转换事件(a-c)及其源-汇成因机制(d-f)(区域海底扇展布范围据文献[25,35];晚中新世以来古布拉马普特拉河沉积物分散路径迁移和区域构造演化利用本文所收集的锆石数据并参照喜马拉雅-孟加拉湾源-汇系统相关研究重构获得)(数据引自文献[22,27,34-35,44])

Fig.11 Schematic illustrations of the stepwise changes in depositional patterns of the Bengal-Nicobar Fans since the Late Miocene (panels a-c) and their associated source-sink models (panels d-f), with regional maps (from [25,35]) showing the submarine fan distributions. Data adapted from [22,27,34-35,44] for reconstruction of the evolution and development of the Brahmaput River sediment routing system since the Late Miocene.

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晚中新世以来孟加拉-尼科巴扇跷跷板式沉积转换及其源-汇成因机制

Depositional patterns of the Bengal-Nicobar Fan system since the Late Miocene: Seesaw-like stepwise changes and the source-sink model

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