南海北部晚中新世红绿韵律层成因的矿物学和地球化学约束

doi:10.13745/j.esf.sf.2022.1.11

地学前缘 ›› 2022, Vol. 29 ›› Issue (4): 42-54.DOI: 10.13745/j.esf.sf.2022.1.11

南海北部晚中新世红绿韵律层成因的矿物学和地球化学约束

董宏坤¹^,²(), 万世明¹^,³^,^*(), 刘畅⁴, 赵德博¹, 曾志刚¹^,², 李安春¹

1.中国科学院海洋研究所海洋地质与环境重点实验室, 山东青岛 266071
2.中国科学院大学, 北京 100049
3.青岛海洋科学与技术国家实验室海洋地质过程与环境功能实验室, 山东青岛 266071
4. International Ocean Discovery Program, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77845, USA

收稿日期:2021-09-19 修回日期:2021-12-14 出版日期:2022-07-25 发布日期:2022-07-28
通讯作者: 万世明
作者简介:董宏坤(1996—),男,硕士研究生,海洋地质专业。E-mail: donghongkun@qdio.ac.cn
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金项目(42125602);国家自然科学基金项目(42076052);中国科学院战略性科技先导专项(XDB40010100)

Mineralogical and geochemical constraints on the origin of rhythmic layering of Late Miocene reddish-brown and greenish-gray sediments in the northern South China Sea

DONG Hongkun¹^,²(), WAN Shiming¹^,³^,^*(), LIU Chang⁴, ZHAO Debo¹, ZENG Zhigang¹^,², LI Anchun¹

1. Key Laboratory of Marine Geology and Environment, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
2. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
3. Laboratory for Marine Geology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266061, China
4. International Ocean Discovery Program, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77845, USA

Received:2021-09-19 Revised:2021-12-14 Online:2022-07-25 Published:2022-07-28
Contact: WAN Shiming

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

沉积物颜色是其物质组成和形成环境的重要标志,对古海洋古环境重建有特殊指示意义。国际大洋发现计划(IODP)368航次在南海北部钻取的U1502站沉积岩心中发现了上百米红褐色-绿灰色韵律沉积层,但其成因不明。为探究其物源和红绿韵律沉积层的成因,我们对该站位岩心样品开展了矿物学和地球化学分析,包括粒度、黏土矿物、常微量元素和Sr-Nd同位素组成、有机碳含量及碳酸盐碳氧同位素组成分析。物源分析表明,U1502站沉积物陆源输入以珠江为主而吕宋次之,红层相对绿层有稍多的吕宋物质贡献。地球化学指标指示红绿沉积层的形成没有遭受热液、冷泉流体的影响,其形成是南海晚中新世构造演化和冰期-间冰期旋回中水体通风、底层水氧化还原环境改变及早期成岩作用共同影响的结果。结合以前南海北部沉积物源研究及沉积物颜色频谱分析,推测红绿层可能分别对应了间冰期-冰期时间尺度。指标重建指示了红绿层分别形成于偏氧化和偏还原的底层水氧化还原环境。自中中新世以来随着吕宋岛弧与欧亚板块碰撞,南海海盆从开放的环境变得相对封闭,其深部通风和氧化还原条件开始呈现典型的冰期-间冰期旋回模式。红层对应了间冰期高海平面时期南海深层水通风良好、水体偏氧化的沉积环境,而绿层则指示了冰期低海平面时期南海层化加强、水体偏还原的环境。不同的氧化还原条件控制了早期成岩作用中致色含铁自生矿物如赤铁矿的形成与转化,最终引起沉积层颜色韵律变化。

关键词: 南海北部, 晚中新世, 红绿层沉积物, 矿物地球化学, 沉积物源, 氧化还原条件

Abstract:

Sediment color is an important indicator of sediment composition and formation environment and can be used for the reconstruction of paleoceanographic environments. During the International Ocean Discovery Program (IODP) Expedition 368, hundreds of meters of rhythmic reddish-brown and greenish-gray sedimentary layer were found in the sediment core at Site U1502 in the northern South China Sea (SCS); however, the origin of the rhythmic layers remains unclear. In order to understand its causes, we carried out mineralogical and geochemical analyses of core samples on grain size, clay minerals, major and trace elements, Sr-Nd isotopic compositions, organic carbon contents and carbonate C-O isotopic compositions. The sediments are mainly sourced from the Pearl River, with a minor contribution from the Luzon Island and the material input was slightly higher in the reddish-brown layer than in the greenish-gray layer. The geochemical indicators showed that the formation of the reddish-brown and greenish-gray layers was not affected by hydrothermal and cold seep fluids, rather it was influenced by a combination of tectonic evolution of SCS in the Late Miocene and changes of deep-water ventilation and redox environment and early diagenesis during the glacial-interglacial cycle. Combined with the previous provenance studies in northern SCS and spectral analysis of sediment color in this study, we suggest that the reddish-brown and greenish-gray layers may be associated respectively with the interglacial and glacial periods. The redox indicator indicated that the reddish-brown and greenish-gray layers were formed respectively in more oxidative and more reductive bottom water environments. Since the Middle Miocene, following the collision between the Luzon arc and Eurasian plate, the SCS basin evolved from an open environment to a relatively closed marginal sea, and its deep ventilation and redox conditions began to reflect typical glacial-interglacial cycling. The reddish-brown layer corresponds to the sedimentary environment with well ventilated and more oxidized deep water during the interglacial period with high sea level; while the greenish-gray layer indicates an environment of strengthened stratification and partial reduction of deep water during the glacial period with low sea level. Distinct redox conditions control the formation and transformation of chromogenic iron-bearing authigenic minerals such as hematite in the early diagenesis, and thus give rise to the rhythmic variation of sediment color.

Key words: northern South China Sea, Late Miocene, reddish-brown and greenish-gray sediments, mineral geochemistry, sediment provenance, redox conditions

中图分类号:

董宏坤, 万世明, 刘畅, 赵德博, 曾志刚, 李安春. 南海北部晚中新世红绿韵律层成因的矿物学和地球化学约束[J]. 地学前缘, 2022, 29(4): 42-54.

DONG Hongkun, WAN Shiming, LIU Chang, ZHAO Debo, ZENG Zhigang, LI Anchun. Mineralogical and geochemical constraints on the origin of rhythmic layering of Late Miocene reddish-brown and greenish-gray sediments in the northern South China Sea[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 2022, 29(4): 42-54.

图/表 6

图1 南海北部及周边海陆分布和研究区站位图(季风和洋流分布分别引自[17]和[18⇓-20])

Fig.1 Sea and land distributions and study site locations in and around the northern South China Sea. Monsoon pattern adapted from [17]. Ocean current distribution adapted from [18⇓-20].

图2 U1502站沉积物粒度、黏土矿物组成、87Sr/86Sr-εNd及稀土元素含量红绿阴影分别表示颜色反射率a*指示的红绿韵律沉积层。

Fig.2 Depth profiles for clay mineral compositions, grain size, 87Sr/86Sr ratio, εNd value and La content in core sediments from Site U1502. Red and green shadows indicate respectively the rhythmic reddish-brown and greenish-gray sedimentary layers according to reflectance a*.

图3 U1502站沉积物常微量元素含量及碳酸盐C、O同位素组成 (南海北部陆架表层沉积物REE含量数据引自[38];黄铁矿含量引自[3])

Fig.3 Depth profiles for reflectance a*, major and trace element contents, ∑REE content and carbonate C-O isotopic compositions in core sediments from Site U1502. ∑REE content of surface sediment in northern South China Sea shelf adapted from [38]. Pyrite content adapted from [3].

图4 沉积物源示踪 (a)黏土矿物三角图(吕宋引自[39];珠江(>2.5 ka)引自[41];珠江(<2.5 ka)引自[41-42]);(b)La-Th-Sc构造环境图解(数据引自[48];冲绳海槽热液蚀变沉积物引自[49];吕宋火山岩引自[50];珠江沉积物(<2.5 ka)引自[51];珠江沉积物(>2.5 ka):ZK20站样品;东沙冷泉碳酸盐引自[52]);(c)稀土元素球粒陨石标准化图解(东沙冷泉碳酸盐引自[52];冲绳海槽热液蚀变沉积物引自[53];上大陆地壳(UCC)引自[43];西菲律宾海沉积物:MD3050站样品;珠江沉积物(<2.5 ka):4R-92站样品;珠江沉积物(>2.5 ka):ZK20站样品);(d)εNd-87Sr/86Sr协变图(吕宋河流引自[56];珠江(<2.5 ka)引自[40];珠江(>2.5 ka)引自[57])。

Fig.4 Sediment provenance identification. Data from [39⇓⇓⇓-43,48⇓⇓⇓⇓-53,56-57].

图5 U1502站物源、生产力、氧化还原环境及古海洋指标综合对比R/(R+D)为钙质超微化石相对含量Reticulofenestra/(Reticulofenestra+Discoaster),引自[16]。

Fig.5 Comparison of depth profiles for provenance, productivity, redox environment and paleoceanographic indicators for Site U1502. R/(R+D): Reticulofenestra/(Reticulofenestra+Discoaster), after [16].

图6 U1502站典型红绿沉积层(452~458 m) 颜色反射率a*的频谱分析结果

Fig.6 Spectral analysis of reflectance data for typical red-green sediment layers (452-458 m) at Site U1502

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南海北部晚中新世红绿韵律层成因的矿物学和地球化学约束

Mineralogical and geochemical constraints on the origin of rhythmic layering of Late Miocene reddish-brown and greenish-gray sediments in the northern South China Sea

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