东北地区早白垩世古野火事件及其对深时生态系统影响

doi:10.13745/j.esf.sf.2024.11.77

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

早白垩世是全球野火盛行的时期。野火是全球生态系统的重要组成部分,对深时生态系统的影响作用越来越受到重视。基于中国东北地区早白垩世古野火记录与全球CO₂、O₂含量和植被演化记录,总结早白垩世古野火特征和影响因素,分析古野火对深时生态系统的影响作用。研究结果表明东北地区早白垩世阿尔必阶惰质组含量(体积分数)为24.17%,阿普特阶惰质组含量为18.68%。基于惰质组含量与氧气含量的关系模型,计算出阿尔必期时大气氧气含量为24.92%,阿普特期时大气氧气含量为24.21%。惰质组反射率与燃烧温度关系模型反映出,东北地区早白垩世阿尔必阶和阿普特阶野火类型为地下火和地表火。阿普特阶和阿尔必阶的野火类型均以地下火为主。早白垩世早期被子植物以低矮、更短的生命周期、高叶脉密度和高光合作用速率为特征,更好地适应了早白垩世低强度的野火。早白垩世野火的频繁发生反过来促进被子植物广泛传播,导致裸子植物和蕨类植物种类减少。野火导致地表侵蚀和径流作用增强,有助于大量陆源有机质和氮磷等营养物质进入湖泊或海洋,引发湖泊或海洋的富营养化,有利于浮游生物大量繁殖。当大量陆源有机质和浮游生物在水中下沉时,消耗水中氧气,有利于早白垩世缺氧环境和富有机质泥岩形成。

关键词: 东北地区, 早白垩世, 惰质组, 古野火, 生态系统

Abstract:

The Early Cretaceous was marked by extensive wildfires across the globe. Wildfires, as an critical component of the global ecosystem, are increasingly recognized for their profound impact on deep-time ecosystems. Based on the wildfire records from the Early Cretaceous in NE China, as well as the global records on CO₂, O₂ concentrations and the evolution of vegetation, this study synthesizes the characteristics and influencing factors of wildfires and analyzes their implications on deep-time ecosystems during this period. The Early Cretaceous Albian in NE China exhibits an inertinite content of 24.17% (volume fraction), compared to a lower content of 18.68% (volume fraction) in the Aptian. Based on the relationship model between inertinite content and oxygen content, the estimated Albian oxygen concentration is 24.92% and Aptian oxygen concentration is 24.21%. Utilizing a relationship model that correlates inertinite reflectance with combustion temperature, the types of wildfires in the Early Cretaceous Albian and Aptian stages in NE China are classified as ground fires and surface fires. From the Aptian to the Albian stages, the types of wildfires are predominantly ground fires. During the early phase of the Early Cretaceous, angiosperms were characterized by their low stature, shorter life cycles, high vein density, and high photosynthetic rates, which better adapted them to the low-intensity wildfires during this period. Meanwhile, the frequent occurrence of wildfires in the Early Cretaceous promoted the wide spread of angiosperms, which in turn led to a reduction in the diversity of gymnosperms and ferns. Wildfires led to enhanced surface erosion and runoff, which facilitated the influx of large amounts of terrestrial organic matter and nutrients, such as nitrogen and phosphorus, into lakes or oceans. This influx caused eutrophication in lakes or oceans and promoted the proliferation of planktonic organisms. As substantial amounts of terrestrial organic matter and plankton sink in the water, they consumed dissolved oxygen, fostering the development of oxygen-deficient environments. This process contributed to the accumulation of organic-rich mudstones during the Early Cretaceous.

Key words: Northeast China, Early Cretaceous, inertinite, wildfire, ecosystem

中图分类号:

王帅, 董涛, 李雅楠, 徐小涛, 高莲凤, 张振国. 东北地区早白垩世古野火事件及其对深时生态系统影响[J]. 地学前缘, 2025, 32(4): 497-509.

WANG Shuai, DONG Tao, LI Yanan, XU Xiaotao, GAO Lianfeng, ZHANG Zhenguo. Early Cretaceous wildfire events in NE China and implications on deep-time ecosystems[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 2025, 32(4): 497-509.

图/表 11

图1 东北地区早白垩世盆地分布图(据文献[43]修改)

Fig.1 Distribution of the Early Cretaceous basins in NE China. Modified after [43].

图2 东北地区早白垩世地层对比图(据文献[59-60]修改;锆石U-Pb定年数据来源:海拉尔盆地据文献[53-55],阜新盆地据文献[21,56],松辽盆地据文献[57],三江盆地群据文献[58])

Fig.2 Stratigraphic correlation map of Early Cretaceous basins in NE China. Modified after [59-60].

图3 东北地区典型盆地下白垩统主要含煤岩系岩性柱状图(据文献[34,60]修改)

Fig.3 Lithological column of Lower Cretaceous main coal-bearing series in the typical basins in NE China. Modified after [34,60].

图4 海拉尔盆地伊敏组煤中惰质组显微镜下特征 A-F—丝质体,亮白色,保存了较好的细胞结构,具有较高的反射率,样品来自海拉尔盆地扎赉诺尔煤田伊敏组。

Fig.4 Photomicrographs of inertinites in coal from the Yimin Formation in the Hailar Basin

图5 海拉尔盆地伊敏组煤中惰质组扫描电镜下特征 A-D—丝质体横切面,具有明显的细胞结构,细胞腔发生了不同程度变形,样品来自海拉尔盆地扎赉诺尔煤田伊敏组。

Fig.5 Scanning electron microscope images of inertinites in coal from the Yimin Formation in the Hailar Basin

表1 东北地区早白垩世惰质组含量特征

Table 1 The Early Cretaceous inertinite contents in NE China

时期	盆地		惰质组(mmf)含量/%		数据来源
阿尔必期	阜新盆地	阜新组和沙海组四段	8.70~42.50		据文献[62]
	阜新盆地	阜新组和沙海组四段	(38/22.49)		据文献[62]
	二连盆地	赛汉塔拉组	0.20~85.00		据文献[34]
	二连盆地	赛汉塔拉组	(19/33.48)	0.20~85.00	据文献[34]
	海拉尔盆地	伊敏组	2.60~59.80	(129/24.17)	据文献[34-35,63]
	海拉尔盆地	伊敏组	(65/22.06)		据文献[34-35,63]
	松辽盆地	沙河子组上部	21.69~39.42		据文献[39]
	松辽盆地	沙河子组上部	(7/27.59)		据文献[39]
阿普特期	阜新盆地	沙海组一段至三段	8.30~20.30		据文献[62]
	阜新盆地	沙海组一段至三段	(16/12.26)		据文献[62]
	三江盆地群	城子河组	2.70~24.30		据文献[34]
	三江盆地群	城子河组	(5/9.76)	2.70~38.71	据文献[34]
	松辽盆地	沙河子组中下部	23.65~38.71	(41/18.68)	据文献[39]
	松辽盆地	沙河子组中下部	(8/30.13)		据文献[39]
	海拉尔盆地	大磨拐河组	8.37~35.73		据文献[64]
	海拉尔盆地	大磨拐河组	(12/23.34)		据文献[64]

表2 东北地区早白垩世煤和泥岩惰质组反射率

Table 2 Inertinite reflectance of Early Cretaceous coals and mudstones from NE China

时期	盆地		惰质组反射率R_o/%		数据来源
阿尔必期	阜新盆地	阜新组和沙海组四段	1.30~2.30		据文献[62]
	阜新盆地	阜新组和沙海组四段	(38/1.69)		据文献[62]
	二连盆地	赛汉塔拉组	0.59~1.24		据文献[34]
	二连盆地	赛汉塔拉组	(19/0.90)	0.58~2.51	据文献[34]
	海拉尔盆地	伊敏组	0.58~1.66	(96/1.30)	据文献[34-35]
	海拉尔盆地	伊敏组	(32/1.01)		据文献[34-35]
	松辽盆地	沙河子组上部	1.21~2.51		据文献[39]
	松辽盆地	沙河子组上部	(7/1.64)		据文献[39]
阿普特期	阜新盆地	沙海组一段至三段	1.60~2.80		据文献[62]
	阜新盆地	沙海组一段至三段	(16/2.29)		据文献[62]
	三江盆地群	城子河组	0.94~1.24		据文献[34]
	三江盆地群	城子河组	(5/1.05)	0.94~2.80	据文献[34]
	松辽盆地	沙河子组中下部	1.22~2.73	(41/1.77)	据文献[39]
	松辽盆地	沙河子组中下部	(8/1.73)		据文献[39]
	海拉尔盆地	大磨拐河组	1.33~1.52		据文献[64]
	海拉尔盆地	大磨拐河组	(12/1.42)		据文献[64]

图6 东北地区早白垩世惰质组反射率与野火燃烧温度 a—阿尔必阶;b—阿普特阶。

Fig.6 Inertinite reflectance and inferred burning temperatures of wildfires in the Early Cretaceous in NE China

图7 东北地区早白垩世惰质组含量、野火类型、全球CO2与O2含量和植物演化 a—惰质组含量;b—各野火类型占比;c—CO2含量(据文献[76]);d—O2含量(据文献[80]);e—各植物类型占比(据文献[85-86])。

Fig.7 Inertinite content and wildfire types in the Early Cretaceous in NE China and their correlation with global CO2, O2 concentrations and plant evolution

图8 东北地区早白垩世惰质组含量与氧气含量关系图(据文献[16]修改)

Fig.8 Relationship between Early Cretaceous inertinite content and oxygen content in NE China. Modified after [16].

图9 古野火与早白垩世缺氧事件关系模式图(据文献[35]修改)

Fig.9 Relationship between wildfires and the Early Cretaceous anoxic events.Modified after [35].

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