表层地球系统的深部过程响应与地表自然灾害

doi:10.13745/j.esf.sf.2025.3.11

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

地球深部过程对表层地球系统的影响构成了地球系统科学研究的核心议题。通过构造运动和火山喷发等多种机制,深部过程改变了物质循环和能量传输的深浅部模式,进而对表层地球系统产生深远影响。这种影响具体表现在以下几个方面:(1)构造活动通过地形的重塑,调控了流域尺度的侵蚀-沉积过程;(2)火山活动和构造运动通过改变大气成分和环流格局,在地质时间尺度上驱动了气候变化,其中硅酸盐风化作用在调节大气中CO₂浓度方面扮演了关键角色;(3)深部过程可能引发生态系统演化中的生物灭绝事件,同时也能促进生物多样性的形成;(4)在全球气候变化的背景下,地震和地质灾害通过影响社会-生态系统的稳定性,可能进一步加剧其不稳定性。随着观测技术的持续进步,地球系统科学研究将继续深入理解表层地球系统对深部过程的响应机制、量化其影响强度、预测自然灾害的演化趋势,以及增强社会-生态系统对灾害的适应能力。本文系统梳理了深部过程-表层系统-社会生态的跨尺度耦合机制,有助于理解地球系统整体演化。

关键词: 表层地球系统, 地球关键带, 构造-气候耦合, 自然灾害链, 社会-生态系统

Abstract:

The interaction between deep- and surface-Earth processes is an important component of Earth system science research. Deep-Earth processes drive the material and energy cycling between the deep and shallow Earth through various mechanisms, such as tectonics and volcanism, thereby influencing the Earth’s surface system. These influences are specifically manifested in the following ways: (1) Tectonics, by reshaping landscapes, regulate erosion and sedimentation processes at the watershed scale. (2) Volcanism and tectonics drive climate change on geological timescales, by affecting atmospheric composition and circulation patterns, with silicate weathering playing a significant role in regulating atmospheric CO₂ levels. (3) Deep-Earth processes have a dual impact on ecosystem evolution, potentially causing species extinction while also promoting biodiversity. (4) Earthquakes and geological disasters impact the stability of socio-ecological systems; the impacts may be further exacerbated by global climate change. The cascading disasters triggered by earthquakes and their long-term impacts on social systems warrant attention and research efforts in disaster-prone China. With the advancement of observational technologies, earth system science studies will achieve a deeper understanding of the coupling mechanisms between deep- and surface-Earth systems. This includes quantifying the intensity of interaction, predicting the evolution of natural disasters, and enhancing the resilience of socio-ecological systems to such disasters. This paper provides a systematical review of the cross-scale coupling of deep earth-surface earth-socio-ecological processes, helping to understand the earth system evolution.

Key words: surface earth system, Earth’s critical zone, tectonic-climate coupling, natural disaster chains, socio-ecological system

中图分类号:

P542.5
P694

刘静, 孙照通, 王文鑫, 李云帅, 姚文倩, 崔凤珍, 刘丛强. 表层地球系统的深部过程响应与地表自然灾害[J]. 地学前缘, 2025, 32(3): 7-22.

LIU Jing, SUN Zhaotong, WANG Wenxin, LI Yunshuai, YAO Wenqian, CUI Fengzhen, LIU Cong-Qiang. Surface-Earth response to deep-Earth processes and consequential natural disasters[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 2025, 32(3): 7-22.

图/表 7

图1 构造-侵蚀-气候相互作用及其对地球关键带组成和结构的影响(据文献[18-19]修改)

Fig.1 Interaction among tectonics, erosion and climate and the effect on Earth’s critical zone. Modified from [18-19].

图2 构造应力对地球关键带结构的影响(据文献[26]修改)

Fig.2 Impact of tectonic stress on the structure of Earth’s critical zone. Modified from [26].

图3 构造抬升-季风降雨-剥蚀-沉积的过程耦合的卡通图（改自C. France-Lanord）

Fig.3 Cartoon showing the coupled processes of tectonic uplift, monsoon precipitation, denudation, and sedimentation. Modified after C. France-Lanord

图4 地质碳循环中负反馈机制的概念模型(据文献[77]) (a)—构造活动不活跃的平坦地区,侵蚀作用较弱且稳定。任何脱气通量的增加都会导致温度升高,并通过硅酸盐风化强度的增强,增加硅酸盐风化通量,实现几乎相同程度的CO2吸收通量增加,最终达到平衡。(b)—造山带地区。在脱气通量恒定的条件下,造山带侵蚀作用的增加导致造山带CO2吸收通量整体上升。

Fig.4 Conceptual model of negative needback mechanisms in the geological carbon cycle. Modified from [77].

图5 新生代大型火成岩省(LIPs)火山活动、气候与大气CO2记录(据文献[92])

Fig.5 Cenozoic large igneous provinces (LIPs): volcanic activity, climate, and atmospheric CO2 record. Modified from [92].

图6 造山作用与生物多样性的关系(据文献[100]) (a)—生物多样性,包括不同地区物种间的系统发育关系和土壤适应性;(b)—山体上可见的生物和地质特征,包括植被的垂直分带、侵蚀地貌和基岩露头,这些特征通过促进生物群落迁移和增强生物相互作用驱动生物多样性分异和适应性辐射;(c)—山体“隐藏”的地质与气候多样性过程,包括地形降水、风化-土壤-沉积作用序列,以及不整合面、褶皱冲断带和断裂系统共同构成生物多样性形成的深层控制机制。

Fig.6 Mountain building and biodiversity. Adapted from [100].

图7 青藏高原地震-滑坡-泥石流灾害链以及景观地貌的剧烈改变(以2008年Mw7.9汶川地震为例)

Fig.7 Earthquake-induced cascading disaster chain and drastic landscape changes, as exemplified by the 2008 Mw7.9 Wenchuan earthquake.

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