深层含水层地下储热技术的发展现状与展望

doi:10.13745/j.esf.2020.1.3

地学前缘 ›› 2020, Vol. 27 ›› Issue (1): 17-24.DOI: 10.13745/j.esf.2020.1.3

深层含水层地下储热技术的发展现状与展望

黄永辉¹^,²^,³(), 庞忠和¹^,²^,⁴^,^*(), 程远志¹^,²^,⁴, 孔彦龙¹^,²^,⁴, 汪集旸¹^,²^,⁴

1.中国科学院地质与地球物理研究所; 中国科学院页岩气与地质工程重点实验室, 北京 100029
2.中国科学院地球科学研究院, 北京 100029
3.Department of Environmental Informatics, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Leipzig 04318, Germany
4.中国科学院大学, 北京 100049

收稿日期:2019-03-31 修回日期:2019-05-11 出版日期:2020-01-20 发布日期:2020-01-20
通信作者: 庞忠和
作者简介:黄永辉(1989—),男,博士,主要从事热储工程数值模拟研究。E-mail: yh.huang@mail.iggcas.ac.cn
基金资助:
中国科学院战略性先导科技专项资助项目(XDA21050500)

The development and outlook of the deep aquifer thermal energy storage (deep-ATES)

HUANG Yonghui¹^,²^,³(), PANG Zhonghe¹^,²^,⁴^,^*(), CHENG Yuanzhi¹^,²^,⁴, KONG Yanlong¹^,²^,⁴, WANG Jiyang¹^,²^,⁴

1. Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Key Laboratory of Shale Gas and Geoengineering, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100029, China
2. Institutions of Earth Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
3. Department of Environmental Informatics, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Leipzig 04318, Germany
4. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China

Received:2019-03-31 Revised:2019-05-11 Online:2020-01-20 Published:2020-01-20
Contact: PANG Zhonghe

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

深层含水层储热是一种利用深度>500 m的深层含水层作为储热介质的储热技术,储热对象通常为50~150 ℃的热水。它通过地下水井从深层含水层中抽取和灌入地下水,实现热能储存和回收。深层含水层储热技术是弥补能源供需时空分布的不平衡,综合利用多种可再生能源,实现节能减排的有效途径,是国内外研究的前沿和热点。文中首先阐述了深层含水层储热系统在世界范围内的历史发展,归纳储热系统的热工性能,在总结前人研究工作的基础上分析影响其热回收效率的关键参数,并对各个参数对热回收效率的敏感性做了综述。在此基础上,本文还讨论了限制深层含水层储热系统发展的技术瓶颈,并针对系统的经济效益和市场潜力做了预测和展望。

关键词: 深层含水层储热系统, 热回收效率, 地热, 水文地质, 经济效益

Abstract:

The deep aquifer thermal energy storage (deep-ATES) is a technology that uses deep aquifer (> 500 m) as the thermal storage medium. Storage and recovery of thermal energy are achieved by extracting and injecting groundwater from deep aquifers through groundwater wells. Using geothermal energy as basic carrier, deep-ATES achieves balancing among multiple energy resources, and guarantees a steady supply of energy. Deep-ATES is an effective and critical technology for matching up heat supply and demand over time and space. In this paper, we presented a comprehensive review of the worldwide development of deep-ATES projects and summarized its thermal performance indicators. Thereby, we investigated the key processes and dominant hydrogeological and operational parameters controlling the thermal recovery efficiency of a deep-ATES system. We further discussed the technological bottlenecks in deep-ATES on the basis of previous researches. The last but not least, we evaluated and predicted the economic and market potentials of the deep-ATES system.

Key words: hot temperature aquifer thermal energy storage, thermal recovery efficiency, geothermal energy, hydrogeology, economical-potential

中图分类号:

P314
P641.25

黄永辉, 庞忠和, 程远志, 孔彦龙, 汪集旸. 深层含水层地下储热技术的发展现状与展望[J]. 地学前缘, 2020, 27(1): 17-24.

HUANG Yonghui, PANG Zhonghe, CHENG Yuanzhi, KONG Yanlong, WANG Jiyang. The development and outlook of the deep aquifer thermal energy storage (deep-ATES)[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 2020, 27(1): 17-24.

图/表 7

图1 深层含水层储热系统储/供能流程示意图:以地下水为水源的情形

Fig.1 Schematic diagram of energy storage/supply in deep aquifer energy storage system

表1 综合比较三组跨季节地下储能方式的主要特点(修改自文献[6])

Table 1 Comparison of three seasonal underground thermal energy storage (UTES) scheme. Modified from [6].

特点	水箱蓄热	浅层含水层储热	深层含水层储热
储热媒介	水	地下水/岩石	地下水/岩石
地质要求	+	+ +	+ + +
储热体积	+	+ + +	+ + +
可储热量	+	+ +	+ + +
空间需求	+ + +	+	+
投资	+ + +	+	+
环境影响	+ +	++	+

表2 国际上深层含水层储能系统工程案例表[9]

Table 2 Overview of deep aquifer energy storage project[9]

年份	地点/工程名称	当前状态	热源	注入温度/℃	深度/ m
1976	Auburn University, Mobile/AL, USA	实验/已关闭	电厂余热	55	40~61
1982	SPEOS, Lausanne-Dorigny, Switzerland	已关闭	废水处理厂余热	69	未知
1982	Hørsholm, Denmark	示范工程/已关闭	垃圾处理厂余热	100	10
1982	University of Minnesota, St. Paul, USA	实验/已关闭	未知	115 (150)	180~240
1987	Plaisir, Thiverval-Grignon, France	实验/已关闭	未知	180	500
1991	De Uithof, Universiteit Utrecht, Netherlands	示范工程/已关闭	热电联供	90	4~45
1998	Hooge Burch, Zwammerdam near Gouda, Netherlands	示范工程/已关闭	热电联供	90	未知
1999	Reichstag, Berlin, Germany	示范工程/正在运行	热电联供	70	300
2004	Neubrandenburg, Germany	运行中	热电联供	75~80	1 250
2015	Duiven, Netherlands	可行性研究	垃圾处理厂余热	140	未知
2016	BMW, TU Munich, Germany	示范工程/运行中	未知	130	500~700
2017	Hamburg, Germany	运行中	垃圾处理厂余热	80~90	400~500
2017	Bern, Switzerland	计划	垃圾处理厂余热	90~100	500

表3 深层含水层储能系统的热工性能指标

Table 3 The thermal performance indicators for high-temperature aquifer thermal storage system

指标	定义	方程式
热干扰强度	一口井附近区域的水温受另一口井的水温影响的变化程度	热突破时间^[15,16]:t_b= $π H d 2 ρ aq c aq 3 Q ρ w c w$
热回收效率	从含水层中开采出来的热量与注入含水层中的热量的比值	热回收效率^[15]:η= $E extract E inject$
瑞利数 (Rayleigh number)	含水层中自然对流和扩散热量、质量传递之比	瑞利数^[10]:Ra= $αρgH · C α · k α v · Δ T μ λ α$

表3 深层含水层储能系统的热工性能指标

Table 3 The thermal performance indicators for high-temperature aquifer thermal storage system

指标	定义	方程式
热干扰强度	一口井附近区域的水温受另一口井的水温影响的变化程度	热突破时间^[15,16]:t_b= $π H d 2 ρ aq c aq 3 Q ρ w c w$
热回收效率	从含水层中开采出来的热量与注入含水层中的热量的比值	热回收效率^[15]:η= $E extract E inject$
瑞利数 (Rayleigh number)	含水层中自然对流和扩散热量、质量传递之比	瑞利数^[10]:Ra= $αρgH · C α · k α v · Δ T μ λ α$

表4 综合比较不同储热模式的热回收效率

Table 4 Comprehensive comparison of thermal recovery efficiencies of different thermal storage systems

储热模式	热回收率	参考文献
深层含水层储热系统	60%~80%	[8,10,17]
浅层含水层储热系统	45%~85%	[8,18]
地埋管储热系统	40%~70%	[19-20]
水箱蓄热	80%~90%	[20]

表5 模拟含水层中的流体流动和传热的主流模拟软件及其特点

Table 5 Numerical simulation softwares and their characteristics for modeling groundwater flow and heat transport in aquifer

模型	数值离散方法	特征与应用条件
AQUA3D^[21]	有限元	3-D;模拟地下水流动、质量传输与热传导过程
DuMu^{x [22]}	有限体积	3-D;开源模拟多孔介质与裂隙介质中的非等温多相流传输
FEFLOW^[23]	有限元	3-D;多组分多相流的质量传输、热传导
FEHM^[24]	控制体积有限元	3-D;多组分多相流的质量传输、热传导以及化学反应耦合过程
HST2D/3D^[25]	有限差分	模拟饱和流体在多孔介质中的流动,可模拟地下水流随温度/压力的变化
TOUGH2^[26]	积分式有限差分	3-D; 模拟非饱和/饱和流体在多孔介质与裂隙介质中的流动和传输过程
MT3DMS^[27]	有限差分	3-D; 通常与MODFLOW进行耦合,可用于模拟地下水流动、质量传输与热传导过程
OpenGeoSys^[28]	有限元	3-D;多孔介质与裂隙介质中的水力-传热-力学-化学(THMC)多物理场模拟

表6 大型深层含水层储能系统中提取每GJ热能的成本价格[8]

Table 6 Cost price per GJ of thermal energy for the large high-temperature aquifer thermal storage system[8]

大型深度含水层储能系统中注入热水的温度/℃	成本价格/ (欧元·GJ^-1)
75	3.5
93	1.9

参考文献 33

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深层含水层地下储热技术的发展现状与展望

The development and outlook of the deep aquifer thermal energy storage (deep-ATES)

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