Advances in groundwater nonlinear seepage in fractured media under conditions of high in-situ stress and temperature

doi:10.13745/j.esf.sf.2025.10.29

Abstract

Abstract:

With the growing demands in geothermal energy development, geological disposal of nuclear waste, and deep resource exploration, the seepage behavior of groundwater under conditions of high in-situ stress and temperature has become a research hotspot. Accurately modeling this behavior, however, remains a major challenge. This requires the development of multi-physical field coupling models that are applicable to high in-situ stress and temperature environments and capable of accurately describing the dynamic processes of water-rock interaction, fracture evolution, and fluid property variation. This paper comprehensively reviewed recent advances in fundamental theories, experimental studies, and numerical simulations related to groundwater seepage under conditions of high in-situ stress and temperature. First, it discussed the applicability and limitations of the classical cubic law for modeling fracture flow, along with extensions to non-Darcy and generalized Darcy flow theories, with a particular emphasis on the coupling effects of in-situ stress and temperature on permeability. It summarized various experimental findings on stress-thermal coupling and its influence on seepage parameters. Numerical simulations that analyzed the evolution of fracture geometry and flow paths under in-situ stress conditions were examined. Additionally, the study assessed the effects of mineral thermal expansion, thermal cracking, and changes in fracture roughness on flow pathways in high-temperature environments. It also evaluated the predictive capability of coupled thermal-hydraulic-mechanical (THM) models and data-driven approaches. Finally, a critical review of current theoretical models was provided, revealing their limitations in capturing the multi-field coupling mechanisms, fracture-scale effects, and long-term evolution under high in-situ stress and temperature. Future research directions were also proposed.

Key words: high in-situ stress, high temperature groundwater seepage, thermal-hydraulic-mechanical coupling, fractured media, permeability evolution, experimental study, numerical simulation

CLC Number:

P641.2

XU Lin, MA Haichun, WANG Jingping, ZHANG Qing, HUANG Yihang, QIAN Jiazhong, WANG Wanlin. Advances in groundwater nonlinear seepage in fractured media under conditions of high in-situ stress and temperature[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 2026, 33(1): 313-327.

Figures/Tables 7

References 92

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方程的类型	方程	提出的学者	术语解释	评论
多项式方程	i=aq+bq²	Forchheimer^[34]	a和b为常数	经验性,但理论基础是后来才找到的
	i=aq+bq²+cq³	Forchheimer^[34]	a、b和c为常数	经验性
	i=aq+bq^1.5+cq²	Rose^[35]	a、b和c为常数	经验性
	i=aq+bq²+c(∂v/∂t)	Polubarinova-Kochina^[36]	a、b和c为常数	经验性
	i=aq+bq^m	Muskat^[37]; Harr^[38]	a、b和m为常数	经验性
幂律方程	q=Miⁿ, n<1	Izbash^[39]	M和n为常数	经验值n介于1和0.5之间
	q=(Bi)^1/2	Escande^[40]	B为常数	对于直径为2.54 cm的颗粒,经验系数B在80至 290(cm/s)²之间变化。
	q=32.9m^1/2i^0.54	Wilkins^[41]	m为水力开度	基于1.905~7.62 cm颗粒测试结果的半经验方法
	q=α(μ/σ)^f-1(ki)^f	Slepicka^[42]	α、f和k为常数; μ表示黏度; σ表示表面张力	半经验的,由维数分析得出
	q=n(igd/K_st)^1/2	Stephenson^[43]	d为颗粒直径;n为孔隙率; g为重力常数; K_st为斯蒂芬森摩擦因数	半经验性的,更适合在场地尺度上使用

方程的类型	方程	提出的学者	术语解释	评论
多项式方程	i=aq+bq²	Forchheimer^[34]	a和b为常数	经验性,但理论基础是后来才找到的
	i=aq+bq²+cq³	Forchheimer^[34]	a、b和c为常数	经验性
	i=aq+bq^1.5+cq²	Rose^[35]	a、b和c为常数	经验性
	i=aq+bq²+c(∂v/∂t)	Polubarinova-Kochina^[36]	a、b和c为常数	经验性
	i=aq+bq^m	Muskat^[37]; Harr^[38]	a、b和m为常数	经验性
幂律方程	q=Miⁿ, n<1	Izbash^[39]	M和n为常数	经验值n介于1和0.5之间
	q=(Bi)^1/2	Escande^[40]	B为常数	对于直径为2.54 cm的颗粒,经验系数B在80至 290(cm/s)²之间变化。
	q=32.9m^1/2i^0.54	Wilkins^[41]	m为水力开度	基于1.905~7.62 cm颗粒测试结果的半经验方法
	q=α(μ/σ)^f-1(ki)^f	Slepicka^[42]	α、f和k为常数; μ表示黏度; σ表示表面张力	半经验的,由维数分析得出
	q=n(igd/K_st)^1/2	Stephenson^[43]	d为颗粒直径;n为孔隙率; g为重力常数; K_st为斯蒂芬森摩擦因数	半经验性的,更适合在场地尺度上使用

研究学者	研究内容	实验方法	主要结论
王恩志等^[72]	研究地应力作用下低渗透砂岩的稳定渗流特性,以盐水为渗流介质,探讨渗透性与有效地应力的关系	采用恒速法和恒压法,进行低渗透饱和砂岩在不同地应力条件下的渗流实验	岩石渗透率随有效地应力增加而显著下降,呈现非线性变化关系,说明地应力对渗流能力具有显著抑制作用
徐德敏等^[73]	对大尺寸低渗透软弱岩进行高地应力渗流试验,进一步分析地应力变化对渗透性的影响	利用自主研制的高地应力渗流仪开展系统性试验,监测渗透系数随地应力变化的动态响应	渗透系数随地应力增加而降低,且在地应力卸载时虽有回升,但未恢复至初始水平;认为渗透性变化主要源于侧向压力导致孔隙和喉道的压缩变形
蒋宇静等^[74]	探讨含原岩充填物的砂岩裂隙在不同轴压和地应力下的渗流响应	在轴压0.01~0.2 MPa、地应力0~10 MPa条件下,开展充填裂隙渗流实验,比较不同粒度填充物和裂隙开度的影响	对充填裂隙岩体,地应力显著影响渗流能力;开度较大的无充填裂隙中,地应力影响甚微。轴压<0.03 MPa或地应力<1 MPa时,粒度影响无序;当轴压与地应力较高时,粒径越大,渗流量越大
王俊光和梁冰^[75]	针对高地应力、高水压条件下含充填裂隙岩体的渗透性特征开展实验研究	采用自主研发的三轴应力-渗流耦合试验系统,对不同充填材料裂隙试样进行渗透性测试	不同充填物裂隙样品的渗透系数存在差异,但在相同地应力下数量级相近;渗透系数随地应力增大而持续下降,体现出地应力对裂隙渗透性能的压缩效应
刘杰等^[76]	探讨高水压环境中裂隙渗流能力的变化规律,强调应力与渗流之间的耦合关系	开展野外原位渗流实验,模拟地下高水压环境,分析地应力对裂隙导水能力的约束作用	研究表明高水压增强裂隙导水能力,但地应力则对其具有显著抑制作用;裂隙渗流引发应力变化,同时应力反过来也影响渗透性,显示出渗流-应力间的强耦合特性
刘欣语^[77]	评估渗透水压对岩石力学特性和渗透性的影响,强调耦合分析的重要性	利用数值与理论分析方法,讨论地下水压力对岩体强度与渗透演化的联动机制	认为单一考虑水压力不足以解释实际渗流现象,应从渗流-应力耦合视角开展系统研究,以更全面理解地下水活动及其对岩体结构的影响
左宇军等^[78]	研究不同渗透压差与地应力条件下,页岩试样的渗透性演化过程	采用应力-应变控制渗透性试验,测定不同压力组合下的渗透系数变化	在相同渗透压差条件下,渗透率随地应力增大而降低;在相同地应力下,渗透率随渗透压差增大而升高,说明渗透驱动力和地应力共同调控裂隙渗流行为

研究学者	研究内容	实验方法	主要结论
王恩志等^[72]	研究地应力作用下低渗透砂岩的稳定渗流特性,以盐水为渗流介质,探讨渗透性与有效地应力的关系	采用恒速法和恒压法,进行低渗透饱和砂岩在不同地应力条件下的渗流实验	岩石渗透率随有效地应力增加而显著下降,呈现非线性变化关系,说明地应力对渗流能力具有显著抑制作用
徐德敏等^[73]	对大尺寸低渗透软弱岩进行高地应力渗流试验,进一步分析地应力变化对渗透性的影响	利用自主研制的高地应力渗流仪开展系统性试验,监测渗透系数随地应力变化的动态响应	渗透系数随地应力增加而降低,且在地应力卸载时虽有回升,但未恢复至初始水平;认为渗透性变化主要源于侧向压力导致孔隙和喉道的压缩变形
蒋宇静等^[74]	探讨含原岩充填物的砂岩裂隙在不同轴压和地应力下的渗流响应	在轴压0.01~0.2 MPa、地应力0~10 MPa条件下,开展充填裂隙渗流实验,比较不同粒度填充物和裂隙开度的影响	对充填裂隙岩体,地应力显著影响渗流能力;开度较大的无充填裂隙中,地应力影响甚微。轴压<0.03 MPa或地应力<1 MPa时,粒度影响无序;当轴压与地应力较高时,粒径越大,渗流量越大
王俊光和梁冰^[75]	针对高地应力、高水压条件下含充填裂隙岩体的渗透性特征开展实验研究	采用自主研发的三轴应力-渗流耦合试验系统,对不同充填材料裂隙试样进行渗透性测试	不同充填物裂隙样品的渗透系数存在差异,但在相同地应力下数量级相近;渗透系数随地应力增大而持续下降,体现出地应力对裂隙渗透性能的压缩效应
刘杰等^[76]	探讨高水压环境中裂隙渗流能力的变化规律,强调应力与渗流之间的耦合关系	开展野外原位渗流实验,模拟地下高水压环境,分析地应力对裂隙导水能力的约束作用	研究表明高水压增强裂隙导水能力,但地应力则对其具有显著抑制作用;裂隙渗流引发应力变化,同时应力反过来也影响渗透性,显示出渗流-应力间的强耦合特性
刘欣语^[77]	评估渗透水压对岩石力学特性和渗透性的影响,强调耦合分析的重要性	利用数值与理论分析方法,讨论地下水压力对岩体强度与渗透演化的联动机制	认为单一考虑水压力不足以解释实际渗流现象,应从渗流-应力耦合视角开展系统研究,以更全面理解地下水活动及其对岩体结构的影响
左宇军等^[78]	研究不同渗透压差与地应力条件下,页岩试样的渗透性演化过程	采用应力-应变控制渗透性试验,测定不同压力组合下的渗透系数变化	在相同渗透压差条件下,渗透率随地应力增大而降低;在相同地应力下,渗透率随渗透压差增大而升高,说明渗透驱动力和地应力共同调控裂隙渗流行为

研究学者	研究内容	实验方法	主要结论
Yi等^[83]	THMC耦合下裂隙岩石开裂行为	设计三轴压缩试验,研究不同THMC场对预制裂纹红砂岩力学行为和破坏模式的影响;采用新提出的THMC断裂准则分析裂纹起裂机制	温度升高导致弹性模量下降、起裂应力下降、峰值强度下降;破坏模式由剪切转为拉伸;温度升高削弱断裂韧性,影响裂纹起裂
Li等^[84]	基于细观结构DEM建模与机器学习的裂隙岩石THM效应跨尺度分析	开发耦合热-水-细观结构的DEM模型T-H-MSBM,模拟不同损伤程度的裂隙花岗岩在THM耦合条件下的压缩行为,结合机器学习建立宏观强度与THM因素的关联数据库	温度对力学性质的劣化效应随损伤度增加而放大;低损伤岩石温度依赖性更显著
Wu等^[85]	单裂隙岩石THM耦合试验系统的开发与应用	研制THM耦合试验系统,包含加载、剪切-渗流箱、高温环境箱和渗流系统,对花岗岩单裂隙进行加热-冷却渗流试验和剪切-渗流耦合试验	加热至120 ℃引起热膨胀导致法向位移增加(0.84 mm);CND边界下热应力达初始应力3倍
Liang等^[86]	耦合THM环境下盐岩渗透率与孔隙结构演化及其自愈合机制	利用自研高地应力高温THM耦合设备处理盐岩,通过显微CT(MCT)和金相显微镜观察孔隙、裂隙演化,对比仅热处理的盐岩特性	400~500 ℃:愈合主导导致渗透率下降;500 ℃以上:损伤主导导致渗透率上升;最佳愈合区间:400~500 ℃
Meng等^[87]	耦合THM环境下裂隙岩石渗透率演化与非线性渗流特性实验研究(以西山沉积岩为例)	设计THM耦合三轴试验装置,研究实时超高温(20~650 ℃)和三轴应力(地应力 5~25 MPa)下裂隙岩石的渗透率演化,采用DIC技术和3D激光扫描分析裂隙孔径与粗糙度	渗透率拐点:300 ℃/500 ℃;300 ℃以上引起侧向变形导致流量骤升;500 ℃以上导致渗流各向异性降低
Huang等^[88]	耦合THM条件下储层岩石裂纹量化与渗透率演化:设备开发与实验研究	研制X射线兼容的THM耦合三轴装置,对煤样进行三轴应力循环和渗透率实验,结合CT扫描分析裂纹演化与渗透率的关系	裂纹面积分数随应力循环增加导致渗透率上升;高温促进裂纹扩展
Meng等^[89]	耦合THM环境处理后盐岩的 II 型断裂特性与粗糙度研究	用自研THM耦合三轴仪预处理盐岩,进行三点弯曲(SCB)试验,利用DIC技术、3D激光扫描和电镜分析断裂过程区长度、断裂表面形貌及粗糙度	500 ℃以上导致断裂韧性下降;温度升高引起微裂纹增加,裂尖过程区长度增加(1.32~3.59 mm)
Zhang等^[90]	研究EGS裂隙在热采阶段热应力/热破裂作用下的渗透率演化及损伤机制,分析温度、地应力、注入速度等因素的影响	自开发高温渗流实验装置,进行50~200 ℃长期渗透率测试;构建THM-D耦合模型模拟裂隙损伤分布;通过CT扫描观察热破裂后裂隙形态及碎屑分布	200 ℃:热破裂导致渗透率先上升后下降(碎屑堵塞);基质热破裂受注入速度和非均质性促进
Meng等^[91]	研究大理石在 25~600 ℃高温THM耦合环境(25 MPa 三轴应力、6 MPa 渗流压力)下的渗透率及孔隙结构演化,对比单纯热处理(HTO)的影响	高地应力高温THM耦合试验机进行渗透率测试;微CT 扫描和压汞实验分析孔隙参数(孔隙度、孔径分布、分形维数);岩石薄片显微观察热损伤裂隙形态	THM下渗透率变化:25~400 ℃缓慢上升,400~550 ℃波动,和550 ℃以上快速上升;大理石在THM下经历 “热弹性变形→弹塑性流动→热分解” 三阶段,550 ℃以上石英相变导致渗透率骤升
Wu等^[92]	研究超高温(25~650 ℃)EGS 储层在THM耦合环境下的渗透率及孔隙结构演化规律,分析温度阶段对微观参数的影响机制	自设计THM耦合测试系统(25 MPa三轴应力和6 MPa 渗流压力);压汞实验、微CT扫描和薄片显微分析孔隙结构;分形维数定量表征孔隙复杂性	THM下渗透率变化:25~400 ℃缓慢增加,400~550 ℃波动,550~650 ℃骤升;高温(>550 ℃)岩石破坏;573 ℃石英相变导致体积膨胀,触发宏观裂隙,渗透率提升 122%