The development and outlook of the deep aquifer thermal energy storage (deep-ATES)

doi:10.13745/j.esf.2020.1.3

Abstract

Abstract:

The deep aquifer thermal energy storage (deep-ATES) is a technology that uses deep aquifer (> 500 m) as the thermal storage medium. Storage and recovery of thermal energy are achieved by extracting and injecting groundwater from deep aquifers through groundwater wells. Using geothermal energy as basic carrier, deep-ATES achieves balancing among multiple energy resources, and guarantees a steady supply of energy. Deep-ATES is an effective and critical technology for matching up heat supply and demand over time and space. In this paper, we presented a comprehensive review of the worldwide development of deep-ATES projects and summarized its thermal performance indicators. Thereby, we investigated the key processes and dominant hydrogeological and operational parameters controlling the thermal recovery efficiency of a deep-ATES system. We further discussed the technological bottlenecks in deep-ATES on the basis of previous researches. The last but not least, we evaluated and predicted the economic and market potentials of the deep-ATES system.

Key words: hot temperature aquifer thermal energy storage, thermal recovery efficiency, geothermal energy, hydrogeology, economical-potential

CLC Number:

P314
P641.25

HUANG Yonghui, PANG Zhonghe, CHENG Yuanzhi, KONG Yanlong, WANG Jiyang. The development and outlook of the deep aquifer thermal energy storage (deep-ATES)[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 2020, 27(1): 17-24.

Figures/Tables 7

Fig.1 Schematic diagram of energy storage/supply in deep aquifer energy storage system

Table 1 Comparison of three seasonal underground thermal energy storage (UTES) scheme. Modified from [6].

特点	水箱蓄热	浅层含水层储热	深层含水层储热
储热媒介	水	地下水/岩石	地下水/岩石
地质要求	+	+ +	+ + +
储热体积	+	+ + +	+ + +
可储热量	+	+ +	+ + +
空间需求	+ + +	+	+
投资	+ + +	+	+
环境影响	+ +	++	+

Table 2 Overview of deep aquifer energy storage project[9]

年份	地点/工程名称	当前状态	热源	注入温度/℃	深度/ m
1976	Auburn University, Mobile/AL, USA	实验/已关闭	电厂余热	55	40~61
1982	SPEOS, Lausanne-Dorigny, Switzerland	已关闭	废水处理厂余热	69	未知
1982	Hørsholm, Denmark	示范工程/已关闭	垃圾处理厂余热	100	10
1982	University of Minnesota, St. Paul, USA	实验/已关闭	未知	115 (150)	180~240
1987	Plaisir, Thiverval-Grignon, France	实验/已关闭	未知	180	500
1991	De Uithof, Universiteit Utrecht, Netherlands	示范工程/已关闭	热电联供	90	4~45
1998	Hooge Burch, Zwammerdam near Gouda, Netherlands	示范工程/已关闭	热电联供	90	未知
1999	Reichstag, Berlin, Germany	示范工程/正在运行	热电联供	70	300
2004	Neubrandenburg, Germany	运行中	热电联供	75~80	1 250
2015	Duiven, Netherlands	可行性研究	垃圾处理厂余热	140	未知
2016	BMW, TU Munich, Germany	示范工程/运行中	未知	130	500~700
2017	Hamburg, Germany	运行中	垃圾处理厂余热	80~90	400~500
2017	Bern, Switzerland	计划	垃圾处理厂余热	90~100	500

Table 3 The thermal performance indicators for high-temperature aquifer thermal storage system

指标	定义	方程式
热干扰强度	一口井附近区域的水温受另一口井的水温影响的变化程度	热突破时间^[15,16]:t_b= $π H d 2 ρ aq c aq 3 Q ρ w c w$
热回收效率	从含水层中开采出来的热量与注入含水层中的热量的比值	热回收效率^[15]:η= $E extract E inject$
瑞利数 (Rayleigh number)	含水层中自然对流和扩散热量、质量传递之比	瑞利数^[10]:Ra= $αρgH · C α · k α v · Δ T μ λ α$

Table 3 The thermal performance indicators for high-temperature aquifer thermal storage system

指标	定义	方程式
热干扰强度	一口井附近区域的水温受另一口井的水温影响的变化程度	热突破时间^[15,16]:t_b= $π H d 2 ρ aq c aq 3 Q ρ w c w$
热回收效率	从含水层中开采出来的热量与注入含水层中的热量的比值	热回收效率^[15]:η= $E extract E inject$
瑞利数 (Rayleigh number)	含水层中自然对流和扩散热量、质量传递之比	瑞利数^[10]:Ra= $αρgH · C α · k α v · Δ T μ λ α$

Table 4 Comprehensive comparison of thermal recovery efficiencies of different thermal storage systems

储热模式	热回收率	参考文献
深层含水层储热系统	60%~80%	[8,10,17]
浅层含水层储热系统	45%~85%	[8,18]
地埋管储热系统	40%~70%	[19-20]
水箱蓄热	80%~90%	[20]

Table 5 Numerical simulation softwares and their characteristics for modeling groundwater flow and heat transport in aquifer

模型	数值离散方法	特征与应用条件
AQUA3D^[21]	有限元	3-D;模拟地下水流动、质量传输与热传导过程
DuMu^{x [22]}	有限体积	3-D;开源模拟多孔介质与裂隙介质中的非等温多相流传输
FEFLOW^[23]	有限元	3-D;多组分多相流的质量传输、热传导
FEHM^[24]	控制体积有限元	3-D;多组分多相流的质量传输、热传导以及化学反应耦合过程
HST2D/3D^[25]	有限差分	模拟饱和流体在多孔介质中的流动,可模拟地下水流随温度/压力的变化
TOUGH2^[26]	积分式有限差分	3-D; 模拟非饱和/饱和流体在多孔介质与裂隙介质中的流动和传输过程
MT3DMS^[27]	有限差分	3-D; 通常与MODFLOW进行耦合,可用于模拟地下水流动、质量传输与热传导过程
OpenGeoSys^[28]	有限元	3-D;多孔介质与裂隙介质中的水力-传热-力学-化学(THMC)多物理场模拟

Table 6 Cost price per GJ of thermal energy for the large high-temperature aquifer thermal storage system[8]

大型深度含水层储能系统中注入热水的温度/℃	成本价格/ (欧元·GJ^-1)
75	3.5
93	1.9

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