The Upper-Lower Cretaceous boundary in the southern Songliao Basin: A case study of ICDP borehole SK-3

doi:10.13745/j.esf.sf.2023.1.28

Abstract

Abstract:

The internationally recognized absolute isotopic age of the Upper-Lower Cretaceous stratigraphic boundary is 100.5 Ma, and the Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Points (GSSP) for the boundary is placed in marine strata; however, there have been no reports of GSSP (“golden spikes”) for terrestrial boundaries anywhere in the world. The terrestrial Upper-Lower Cretaceous stratigraphic boundary is of great value in understanding the evolution of paleogeography, paleoenvironment and paleoclimate on land under the greenhouse conditions in the Middle Cretaceous, and the ideal geological records for studying this boundary may be found in the Songliao Basin, northeastern China, where a complete set of Cretaceous continental strata are developed. Here, we investigated the rock types, lithologic sequence and sedimentary facies in the core section of International Continental Scientific Drilling Program (ICDP) borehole SK-3, southern Songliao Basin. Based on the core description, gray and gray-green rhyolitic lithic crystalline tuffite deposit is found in the coastal-shallow lacustrine sedimentary sequences of the upper part of the second member of the Quantou Formation at 1191.6 m depth. The tuffite deposit, according to zircon U-Pb dating of its syndepositional magmatic components, has an zircon age of (96.8±2.9) Ma and belongs to the Middle-Cenomanian period. Combined with previous data, the deposition rate for the Quantou-Denglouku Formations in the study area is 90.54-110 m/Ma, and we conclude accordingly that the Upper-Lower Cretaceous stratigraphic boundary is located in the middle of the first member of the Quantou Formation in borehole SK-3 (at 1526.6-1598.6 m depth). Considering analytical errors in the age-dating results, the Upper-Lower Cretaceous stratigraphic boundary in borehole SK-3 is independently calculated to be between the middle of the second member of the Quantou Formation and the upper part of the fourth member of the Denglouku Formation (at 1279.6-1917.6 m depth). Other researchers have tentatively placed the boundary in the Denglouku Formation based on the chronological data of ICDP borehole SK-1 and SK-2, northern Songliao Basin. The continuous coring data reveal continuous fluvial-lacustrine sedimentary sequences in the Denglouku-Quantou Formations in borehole SK-3; while results of seismic horizon matching further suggest the Denglouku-Quantou Formations are widely developed across the Songliao Basin and sedimentary records of continuous deposition are widespread. Therefore, the Denglouku-Quantou Formations across the basin should provide the geological record of continuous deposition of the Upper-Lower Cretaceous stratigraphic boundary. And this paper provides the basic dataset and exploration direction to find the “golden spikes” for the Upper and Lower Cretaceous continental stratigraphic boundary in the Songliao Basin and adjacent areas.

Key words: Songliao Basin, International Continental Scientific Drilling Program Borehole SK-3, Upper and Lower Cretaceous stratigraphic boundary, potential GSSP golden spikes in terrestrial strata, Cretaceous Denglouku-Quantou Formations

CLC Number:

GAO Hang, WANG Pujun, GAO Youfeng, WAN Xiaoqiao, YANG Guang, HU Jingsong, WU Huaichun. The Upper-Lower Cretaceous boundary in the southern Songliao Basin: A case study of ICDP borehole SK-3[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 2023, 30(3): 425-440.

Figures/Tables 9

References 46

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取心次数	层位	井段/m	进尺/m	心长/m	收获率/%
1	泉四段	839.75~848.51	8.76	8.76	100
2	泉四段、泉三段	848.51~857.64	9.13	9.13	100
3	泉三段	857.64~866.97	9.33	9.28	99.46
4	泉三段	866.97~870.10	3.13	3.13	100
5	泉三段	870.10~879.71	9.61	9.41	97.91
6	泉三段	879.71~888.92	9.21	9.17	99.56
7	泉三段	888.92~898.09	9.17	9.09	99.12
8	泉三段	898.09~907.16	9.07	8.9	98.12
9	泉三段	907.16~925.23	18.07	17.2	95.18
10	泉三段	925.23~943.31	18.08	17.74	98.11
11	泉三段	943.31~961.49	18.18	18.06	99.33
12	泉三段	961.49~979.86	18.37	18.05	98.25
13	泉三段	979.86~998.09	18.23	17.82	97.75
14	泉三段	998.09~1 016.18	18.09	17.8	98.39
15	泉三段	1 016.18~1 034.16	17.98	17.6	97.88
16	泉三段	1 034.16~1 052.05	17.89	17.7	98.93
17	泉三段	1 052.05~1 070.50	18.45	17.73	96.09
18	泉三段	1 070.50~1 088.00	17.5	17.36	99.2
19	泉三段	1 088.00~1 112.67	24.67	23.99	97.24
20	泉三段	1 112.67~1 135.60	22.93	22.65	98.77
21	泉三段、泉二段	1 135.60~1 161.75	26.15	24.85	95.02
22	泉二段	1 161.75~1 184.24	22.49	21.37	95.02
23	泉二段	1 184.24~1 211.57	27.33	26.76	97.91
24	泉二段	1 211.57~1 237.23	25.66	25.38	98.9
25	泉二段	1 237.23~1 261.52	24.29	24.1	99.21
26	泉二段	1 261.52~1 284.99	23.47	23.15	98.63
27	泉二段	1 284.99~1 309.69	24.7	24.52	99.27
28	泉二段	1 309.69~1 336.50	26.81	26.7	99.58
29	泉二段	1 336.50~1 363.56	27.06	26.93	99.51
30	泉二段、泉一段	1 363.56~1 386.57	23.01	23.01	100
31	泉一段	1 386.57~1 413.57	27	26.93	99.74
32	泉一段	1 413.57~1 434.57	21	21	100
33	泉一段	1 434.57~1 461.87	27.3	27.16	99.48
34	泉一段	1 461.87~1 483.08	21.21	20.98	98.91
35	泉一段	1 483.08~1 509.45	26.37	26.22	99.43
36	泉一段	1 509.45~1 531.41	21.96	21.88	99.63
37	泉一段	1 531.41~1 558.77	27.36	27.03	98.79
38	泉一段	1 558.77~1 585.94	27.17	26.53	97.64
39	泉一段	1 585.94~1 609.07	23.13	22.87	98.87
40	泉一段	1 609.07~1 636.11	27.04	26.73	98.85
41	泉一段	1 636.11~1 663.09	26.98	26.78	99.25
42	泉一段	1 663.09~1 690.09	27	26.75	99.07
43	泉一段	1 690.09~1 717.01	26.92	26.7	99.18
44	泉一段、登娄库组	1 717.01~1 744.13	27.12	26.86	99.04
45	登娄库组	1 744.13~1 771.22	27.09	26.85	99.11
46	登娄库组	1 771.22~1 798.46	27.24	26.1	95.81
47	登娄库组	1 798.46~1 825.52	27.06	26.79	99
48	登娄库组	1 825.52~1 844.32	18.8	18.61	98.98
49	登娄库组	1 844.32~1 845.34	1.02	0.95	93.13
50	登娄库组	1 845.34~1 872.42	27.08	27.08	100
51	登娄库组	1 872.42~1 899.30	26.88	26.87	99.96
52	登娄库组	1 899.30~1 926.19	26.89	26.78	99.59
53	登娄库组	1 926.19~1 952.87	26.68	26.55	99.51
54	登娄库组	1 952.87~1 980.26	27.39	27.25	99.48
55	登娄库组	1 980.26~2 007.70	27.44	27.38	99.78
56	登娄库组	2 007.70~2 032.31	24.61	24.3	98.74
57	登娄库组	2 032.31~2 059.36	27.05	27.05	100
58	登娄库组	2 059.36~2 086.45	27.09	27	99.66
59	登娄库组	2 086.45~2 113.71	27.26	27.24	99.92
60	登娄库组	2 113.71~2 139.94	26.23	25.85	98.55
61	登娄库组	2 139.94~2 167.35	27.41	27.24	99.37
62	登娄库组	2 167.35~2 194.44	27.09	27.03	99.77
63	登娄库组	2 194.44~2 221.56	27.12	27.08	99.85
64	登娄库组	2 221.56~2 248.95	27.39	27.34	99.81
65	登娄库组	2 248.95~2 274.76	25.81	25.7	99.57
66	登娄库组	2 274.76~2 301.94	27.18	27.1	99.7
67	登娄库组	2 301.94~2 328.75	26.81	26.4	98.47
68	登娄库组	2 328.75~2 355.85	27.1	26.98	99.55
69	登娄库组	2 355.85~2 378.99	23.14	23.02	99.48
70	登娄库组、沙河子组	2 378.99~2 406.04	27.05	26.8	99.07
71	沙河子组	2 406.04~2 420.09	14.05	13.92	99.07
72	火石岭组	2 884.00~2 893.02	9.02	8.57	95.01
73	火石岭组	2 893.02~2 911.05	18.03	17.52	97.17

取心次数	层位	井段/m	进尺/m	心长/m	收获率/%
1	泉四段	839.75~848.51	8.76	8.76	100
2	泉四段、泉三段	848.51~857.64	9.13	9.13	100
3	泉三段	857.64~866.97	9.33	9.28	99.46
4	泉三段	866.97~870.10	3.13	3.13	100
5	泉三段	870.10~879.71	9.61	9.41	97.91
6	泉三段	879.71~888.92	9.21	9.17	99.56
7	泉三段	888.92~898.09	9.17	9.09	99.12
8	泉三段	898.09~907.16	9.07	8.9	98.12
9	泉三段	907.16~925.23	18.07	17.2	95.18
10	泉三段	925.23~943.31	18.08	17.74	98.11
11	泉三段	943.31~961.49	18.18	18.06	99.33
12	泉三段	961.49~979.86	18.37	18.05	98.25
13	泉三段	979.86~998.09	18.23	17.82	97.75
14	泉三段	998.09~1 016.18	18.09	17.8	98.39
15	泉三段	1 016.18~1 034.16	17.98	17.6	97.88
16	泉三段	1 034.16~1 052.05	17.89	17.7	98.93
17	泉三段	1 052.05~1 070.50	18.45	17.73	96.09
18	泉三段	1 070.50~1 088.00	17.5	17.36	99.2
19	泉三段	1 088.00~1 112.67	24.67	23.99	97.24
20	泉三段	1 112.67~1 135.60	22.93	22.65	98.77
21	泉三段、泉二段	1 135.60~1 161.75	26.15	24.85	95.02
22	泉二段	1 161.75~1 184.24	22.49	21.37	95.02
23	泉二段	1 184.24~1 211.57	27.33	26.76	97.91
24	泉二段	1 211.57~1 237.23	25.66	25.38	98.9
25	泉二段	1 237.23~1 261.52	24.29	24.1	99.21
26	泉二段	1 261.52~1 284.99	23.47	23.15	98.63
27	泉二段	1 284.99~1 309.69	24.7	24.52	99.27
28	泉二段	1 309.69~1 336.50	26.81	26.7	99.58
29	泉二段	1 336.50~1 363.56	27.06	26.93	99.51
30	泉二段、泉一段	1 363.56~1 386.57	23.01	23.01	100
31	泉一段	1 386.57~1 413.57	27	26.93	99.74
32	泉一段	1 413.57~1 434.57	21	21	100
33	泉一段	1 434.57~1 461.87	27.3	27.16	99.48
34	泉一段	1 461.87~1 483.08	21.21	20.98	98.91
35	泉一段	1 483.08~1 509.45	26.37	26.22	99.43
36	泉一段	1 509.45~1 531.41	21.96	21.88	99.63
37	泉一段	1 531.41~1 558.77	27.36	27.03	98.79
38	泉一段	1 558.77~1 585.94	27.17	26.53	97.64
39	泉一段	1 585.94~1 609.07	23.13	22.87	98.87
40	泉一段	1 609.07~1 636.11	27.04	26.73	98.85
41	泉一段	1 636.11~1 663.09	26.98	26.78	99.25
42	泉一段	1 663.09~1 690.09	27	26.75	99.07
43	泉一段	1 690.09~1 717.01	26.92	26.7	99.18
44	泉一段、登娄库组	1 717.01~1 744.13	27.12	26.86	99.04
45	登娄库组	1 744.13~1 771.22	27.09	26.85	99.11
46	登娄库组	1 771.22~1 798.46	27.24	26.1	95.81
47	登娄库组	1 798.46~1 825.52	27.06	26.79	99
48	登娄库组	1 825.52~1 844.32	18.8	18.61	98.98
49	登娄库组	1 844.32~1 845.34	1.02	0.95	93.13
50	登娄库组	1 845.34~1 872.42	27.08	27.08	100
51	登娄库组	1 872.42~1 899.30	26.88	26.87	99.96
52	登娄库组	1 899.30~1 926.19	26.89	26.78	99.59
53	登娄库组	1 926.19~1 952.87	26.68	26.55	99.51
54	登娄库组	1 952.87~1 980.26	27.39	27.25	99.48
55	登娄库组	1 980.26~2 007.70	27.44	27.38	99.78
56	登娄库组	2 007.70~2 032.31	24.61	24.3	98.74
57	登娄库组	2 032.31~2 059.36	27.05	27.05	100
58	登娄库组	2 059.36~2 086.45	27.09	27	99.66
59	登娄库组	2 086.45~2 113.71	27.26	27.24	99.92
60	登娄库组	2 113.71~2 139.94	26.23	25.85	98.55
61	登娄库组	2 139.94~2 167.35	27.41	27.24	99.37
62	登娄库组	2 167.35~2 194.44	27.09	27.03	99.77
63	登娄库组	2 194.44~2 221.56	27.12	27.08	99.85
64	登娄库组	2 221.56~2 248.95	27.39	27.34	99.81
65	登娄库组	2 248.95~2 274.76	25.81	25.7	99.57
66	登娄库组	2 274.76~2 301.94	27.18	27.1	99.7
67	登娄库组	2 301.94~2 328.75	26.81	26.4	98.47
68	登娄库组	2 328.75~2 355.85	27.1	26.98	99.55
69	登娄库组	2 355.85~2 378.99	23.14	23.02	99.48
70	登娄库组、沙河子组	2 378.99~2 406.04	27.05	26.8	99.07
71	沙河子组	2 406.04~2 420.09	14.05	13.92	99.07
72	火石岭组	2 884.00~2 893.02	9.02	8.57	95.01
73	火石岭组	2 893.02~2 911.05	18.03	17.52	97.17