准噶尔盆地古城凹陷石炭系烃源岩形成环境与生烃潜力

doi:10.13745/j.esf.sf.2025.7.5

地学前缘 ›› 2025, Vol. 32 ›› Issue (6): 438-456.DOI: 10.13745/j.esf.sf.2025.7.5

准噶尔盆地古城凹陷石炭系烃源岩形成环境与生烃潜力

龚德瑜¹^,^*(), 韩琰², 杨斌³, 张华⁴, 周川闽¹, 王绍清², 王瑞菊¹, 苗一豪⁵

1.中国石油勘探开发研究院, 北京 100083
2.中国矿业大学(北京) 地球科学与测绘工程学院, 北京 100083
3.中国石油吐哈油田分公司, 勘探事业部, 新疆哈密 839009
4.中国石油吐哈油田分公司, 勘探开发研究院, 新疆哈密 839009
5.中国地质大学(北京) 能源学院, 北京 100083

收稿日期:2024-04-20 修回日期:2025-07-03 出版日期:2025-11-25 发布日期:2025-11-12
通信作者: 龚德瑜
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金项目(41802177);新型油气勘探开发国家科技重大专项(2025ZD1400300)

Formation environment and hydrocarbon-generating potential of Carboniferous source rocks in the Gucheng Sag, Junggar Basin

GONG Deyu¹^,^*(), HAN Yan², YANG Bin³, ZHANG Hua⁴, ZHOU Chuanmin¹, WANG Shaoqing², WANG Ruiju¹, MIAO Yihao⁵

1. Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development, PetroChina, Beijing 100083, China
2. School of Geosciences and Surveying and Mapping Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology(Beijing), Beijing 100083, China
3. Exploration Division, Tuha Oilfield Company, PetroChina, Hami 839009, China
4. Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development, Tuha Oilfield Company, PetroChina, Hami 839009, China
5. School of Energy Resources, China University of Geosciences(Beijing), Beijing 100083, China

Received:2024-04-20 Revised:2025-07-03 Online:2025-11-25 Published:2025-11-12
Contact: GONG Deyu

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 石炭系含油气系统是准噶尔盆地最重要的天然气勘探领域之一。近年来,在盆地东南部的阜康凹陷东部发现了上石炭统巴山组规模烃源岩和来自该套烃源岩的天然气。石炭纪,同样位于盆地东南部的古城凹陷与阜康凹陷东部总体具有相似的构造和古地理背景,目前对其石炭系烃源岩的认识程度还很低。本文基于年代地层学、沉积岩石学、有机地球化学和盆地模拟等手段,厘定了古城凹陷石炭系烃源岩的时代,分析了其沉积环境和生烃潜力,刻画了规模有效烃源灶的分布,并与阜康凹陷东部地区开展了对比研究。结果表明:古城凹陷与阜康凹陷东部石炭系烃源岩均沉积于晚石炭世早期(莫斯科期—巴什基尔期),对应巴山组;尽管与阜康凹陷东部地区同属扇三角洲沉积,古城凹陷巴山组沉积相带较窄,坡度更陡,平原相带沼泽不发育,前缘相带则广泛发育滑塌体或重力流沉积;古城凹陷巴山组烃源为III型干酪根,以中等烃源岩为主,在晚二叠世晚期进入生烃门限,现今进入主生油窗的面积达727 km²,而阜康凹陷东部地区巴山组烃源岩的类型和丰度变化较大,成熟度较低;古城凹陷巴山组烃源岩主要形成于还原环境,水体具备一定盐度,有机质生源以水生生物和高等植物混合输入为主,而阜康凹陷东部巴山组烃源岩沉积水体的氧化还原环境、盐度和生源变化较大,总体以陆源输入为主;古城凹陷巴山组烃源岩厚度普遍大于50 m,在南北各发育一个厚度中心(>100 m),凹陷生烃强度整体大于200×10⁴ t/km²,面积达890 km²。研究成果丰富了对准噶尔盆地石炭系含油气系统的认识,为加快研究区的油气勘探奠定了基础。

关键词: 准噶尔盆地, 古城凹陷, 石炭系, 沉积环境, 生烃潜力, 生源特征, 烃源灶

Abstract:

The Carboniferous petroleum system is one of the most significant gas exploration domains in the Junggar Basin. In recent years, substantial source rocks and natural gas have been discovered in the Upper Carboniferous Bashan Formation in the eastern Fukang Sag of the southeastern Junggar Basin. The Gucheng Sag, also located in the southeastern Junggar Basin, shares a similar Carboniferous tectonic and paleogeographic background with the eastern Fukang Sag. However, the Carboniferous source rocks in the Gucheng Sag are poorly understood. Based on stratigraphic chronology, sedimentary petrology, organic geochemistry, and basin simulation, we determined the age of the Carboniferous source rocks in the Gucheng Sag. We analyzed their sedimentary environment and hydrocarbon generation potential, and delineated the distribution of large-scale effective source rocks. The results indicate that the Carboniferous source rocks in both the Gucheng Sag and eastern Fukang Sag were deposited during the early Late Carboniferous (Moscovian-Bashkirian Stage), corresponding to the Bashan Formation. The Bashan Formation in both sags is characterized by a fan delta succession. However, the Gucheng Sag exhibits steep gradients and narrowly spaced sedimentary sub-environments, with swamps rarely developed on the delta plain and sedimentary gravity flow deposits commonly occurring at the delta front. The Bashan source rocks in the Gucheng Sag are dominated by Type III kerogen with medium organic matter abundance. They reached the hydrocarbon generation threshold in the late Late Permian, and the area currently within the main oil-generating window covers 727 km². In contrast, the Bashan source rocks in the eastern Fukang Sag show significant variations in organic type, abundance, and maturity. Those in the Gucheng Sag were deposited in a reducing brackish environment with organic matter input dominated by bacterial and algal sources, whereas the eastern Fukang Sag samples display greater variations in redox conditions, salinity, and biogenesis, dominated by terrestrial organic sources. The Bashan source rocks in the Gucheng Sag generally exceed 50 m in thickness, with thickness centers (>100 m) in the north and south. Their hydrocarbon generation intensity typically exceeds 2.0 million tons/km², covering an area of 890 km². These results enhance the understanding of the Carboniferous petroleum system in the Junggar Basin and provide a foundation for accelerating petroleum exploration in the study area.

Key words: Junggar Basin, Gucheng Sag, Carboniferous, sedimentary environment, hydrocarbon generation potential, biogenesis characteristics, source kitchen

中图分类号:

TE122.23

龚德瑜, 韩琰, 杨斌, 张华, 周川闽, 王绍清, 王瑞菊, 苗一豪. 准噶尔盆地古城凹陷石炭系烃源岩形成环境与生烃潜力[J]. 地学前缘, 2025, 32(6): 438-456.

GONG Deyu, HAN Yan, YANG Bin, ZHANG Hua, ZHOU Chuanmin, WANG Shaoqing, WANG Ruiju, MIAO Yihao. Formation environment and hydrocarbon-generating potential of Carboniferous source rocks in the Gucheng Sag, Junggar Basin[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 2025, 32(6): 438-456.

图/表 16

图1 准噶尔盆地构造单元图(a)、古城凹陷石炭系顶面构造图(b)和地层综合柱状图(c) (1)—古城凹陷;(2)—古西凸起;(3)—古东凸起;(4)—沙奇凸起;(5)—吉木萨尔凹陷;(6)—阜康凹陷。

Fig.1 Structural units of the Junggar Basin (a), structure diagram of the Carboniferous top surface in the Gucheng Sag (b) and the comprehensive stratigraphic column in the Gucheng Sag (c)

图2 准噶尔盆地古城凹陷城1井石炭系烃源岩孢粉鉴定图版所有照片所示化石皆来自城1井3 821.8 m深度段石炭系烃源岩岩心样品,红色线段长度为20 μm。1—光面三缝孢属(未定种)Leiotriletes sp.;2—圆形光面孢属(未定种)Punctatisporites sp.;3—未鉴定孢子;4—三角锥瘤孢属(未定种)Lophotriletes;5~9—匙叶粉属(未定种)Noeggerathiopsidozonotriletes spp.;10,11—疑似单囊花粉;12—蝶囊粉属(未定种)Platysaccus sp.;13—波托尼粉属(未定种)Potonieisporites sp.;14,15—单束多肋粉属(未定种)Protohaproxypinus sp.;16—苏铁粉属(未定种)Cycadopites sp.;17—未鉴定花粉;18—伏脂杉粉属(未定种)Voltziaceaesporites sp.;19—松型粉属(未定种)Pityosporites sp.。

Fig.2 Sporopollen identification diagram of the Carboniferous source rocks in Well Cheng 1 in the Gucheng Sag, Junggar Basin

图3 准噶尔盆地古城凹陷城1井石炭系安山岩岩心(3 940.3 m)U-Pb年龄谐和图

Fig.3 U-Pb age harmonic diagram of the Carboniferous andesite core (3 940.3 m) from Well Cheng 1 in the Gucheng Sag, Junggar Basin

图4 古城凹陷和阜东地区上石炭统巴山组岩石显微特征 Cl—黏土矿物;Fi—裂隙;Q—石英;Qa—;Chl—绿泥石;Mu—云母;Tu—火山灰/凝灰质;Fe—铁质;Ca—方解石;Do—白云石;Fp—长石;O—有机碎屑;Po—孔洞;Pl—斜长石;Pl1—粗粒柱状斜长石;Pl2—细粒针状斜长石;Ma—;Me—;Mt—磁铁矿;Ant—斜长岩屑。

Fig.4 Microscopic characteristics of the Upper Carboniferous Bashan source rocks in the Gucheng Sag and eastern Fukang Sag

图5 准噶尔盆地古城凹陷城1井(a)与阜东地区泉探1井(b)上石炭统巴山组沉积环境与沉积相柱状图

Fig.5 Sedimentary environments and sedimentary facies of the Upper Carboniferous Bashan Formation in the Gucheng Sag (a) and eastern Fukang Sag (b)

图6 准噶尔盆地东部上石炭统巴山组沉积模式

Fig.6 Conceptual depositional model of the Carboniferous Bashan Formation in the eastern Junggar Basin

图7 古城凹陷和阜东地区上石炭统巴山组烃源岩HI-Tmax交会图(a)和Tr-Tmax交会图(b)

Fig.7 Crossplot of HI vs. Tmax (a) and Tr vs. Tmax (b) of the Upper Carboniferous Bashan source rocks in the Gucheng Sag and eastern Fukang Sag

表1 古城凹陷和阜东地区上石炭统巴山组烃源岩评价参数表

Table 1 Evaluation parameters of the Upper Carboniferous Bashan source rocks in the Gucheng Sag and eastern Fukang Sag

图8 古城凹陷和阜东地区上石炭统巴山组烃源岩有机显微组分相对百分含量

Fig.8 Relative percentage of organic macerals in the Upper Carboniferous Bashan source rocks in the Gucheng Sag and eastern Fukang Sag

图9 古城凹陷与阜东地区石炭系烃源岩全岩有机显微组分特征 a,b—城1井,粉砂质页岩,3 810.0 m,光片,油浸,反射单偏光;c,d—城1井,粉砂质页岩,3 728.5 m,光片,油浸,反射单偏光;e,f—城1井,含炭砂质页岩,3 723.5 m,光片,油浸,反射单偏光;g,h,i—阜4井,含方解石脉页岩,3 677 m,其中g为光片,反射荧光,h和i为光片,油浸,反射单偏光;j,k,l—阜17井,碳质泥岩,3 571 m,其中j为光片,反射荧光,k和l为光片,油浸,反射单偏光。Cl—黏土矿物;MB—矿物沥青基质;Mis—小孢子体;Al—藻类体;O—油迹;CD—碎屑镜质体;ID—碎屑惰质体;SF—半丝质体;LD—碎屑壳质体;Re—树脂体;Li—褐铁矿;Fe—铁质;T—结构镜质体;C—无结构镜质体;Py—黄铁矿;Q—石英;Do—白云石。

Fig.9 Characteristics of whole rock organic macerals of Carboniferous source rock in the Gucheng Sag and eastern Fukang Sag

图10 古城凹陷和阜东地区上石炭统巴山组烃源岩TOC含量和S1+S2交会图

Fig.10 Crossplot of TOC and S1+S2 of the Upper Carboniferous Bashan source rocks in the Gucheng Sag and eastern Fukang Sag

图11 古城凹陷石炭系顶界Ro(a)、巴山组烃源岩厚度(b)和生烃强度(c)平面等值线图

Fig.11 Contour maps of Ro at the top of the Carboniferous (a), the thickness of the Bashan source rocks (b), and the hydrocarbon-generating intensity of the Bashan source rocks (c) in the Gucheng Sag

图12 古城凹陷城1井埋藏史和热演化史

Fig.12 Burial history and thermal evolution history of Well Cheng1 in the Gucheng Sag

图13 古城凹陷与阜东地区上石炭统巴山组烃源岩生物标志化合物谱图 a,c,e—古城凹陷城1井,泥岩,3 723.5 m;b,d,f—阜东地区阜17井,碳质泥岩,3 680.6 m。R1—C17正构十七烷;R2—姥鲛烷(Pr);R3—C18正构十八烷;R4—植烷(Ph);T1—C19,14β(甲基)-三环萜烷;T2—C20,13β(H),14α(H)-三环萜烷;T3—C21,13β(H),14α(H)-三环萜烷;T4—C23,13β(H),14α(H)-三环萜烷;T5—C26,三环萜烷;T6—C26,三环萜烷;T7—C24,四环萜烷;T8—18α,-22,29,30-三降藿烷(Ts);T9—17α,-22,29,30-三降藿烷(Tm);T10—17α(H),21β(H)-藿烷;T11—17β(H),21α(H)-莫烷;T12—伽玛蜡烷;S1—20S-ααα-胆甾烷;S2—20R-αββ-胆甾烷;S3—20S-αββ-胆甾烷;S4—20R-ααα-胆甾烷;S5—20S-24-甲基-ααα-胆甾烷;S6—20R-24-甲基-αββ-胆甾烷;S7—20S-24-甲基-αββ-胆甾烷;S8—20R-24-甲基-ααα-胆甾烷;S9—20S-24-乙基-ααα-胆甾烷;S10—20R-24-乙基-αββ-胆甾烷;S11—20S-24-乙基-αββ-胆甾烷;S12—20R-24-乙基-ααα-胆甾烷。

Fig.13 Biomarker spectrum of the Upper Carboniferous Bashan source rocks in the Gucheng Sag and eastern Fukang Sag

图14 古城凹陷与阜东地区上石炭统巴山组烃源岩抽提物中生物标志化合物的地球化学特征 a—Pr/Ph与伽玛蜡烷/(伽玛蜡烷+C30藿烷);b—Pr/nC17与Ph/nC18;c—C30重排藿烷/(C30重排霍烷+C29Ts)与Ts/(Ts+Tm);d—C20/C21三环萜烷与C19/C21三环萜烷。

Fig.14 Geochemical characteristics of biomarker compounds in the extracts of the Upper Carboniferous Bashan source rocks in the Gucheng Sag and eastern Fukang Sag

图15 古城凹陷与阜东地区上石炭统巴山组烃源岩抽提物中C27-C29规则甾烷相对含量

Fig.15 The relative content of C27-C29 regular steranes in the extracts of the Upper Carboniferous Bashan source rocks in the Gucheng Sag and eastern Fukang Sag

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准噶尔盆地古城凹陷石炭系烃源岩形成环境与生烃潜力

Formation environment and hydrocarbon-generating potential of Carboniferous source rocks in the Gucheng Sag, Junggar Basin

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