塔里木盆地新元古代构造古地理及深层有利烃源岩发育区预测

doi:10.13745/j.esf.sf.2022.10.18

地学前缘 ›› 2023, Vol. 30 ›› Issue (4): 19-42.DOI: 10.13745/j.esf.sf.2022.10.18

• 深层海相碳酸盐岩油气地质 • 上一篇下一篇

塔里木盆地新元古代构造古地理及深层有利烃源岩发育区预测

何碧竹¹^,²(), 焦存礼³, 刘若涵¹^,⁴, 曹自成⁵, 蔡志慧¹, 兰明杰⁵, 贠晓瑞¹^,³, 朱定⁵, 姜忠正⁵, 杨玉杰⁵, 李振宇¹^,⁶

1.中国地质科学院地质研究所, 自然资源部深地动力学重点实验室, 北京 100037
2.南方海洋科学与工程广东实验室(广州), 广东广州 511458
3.中国石油化工股份有限公司石油勘探开发研究院, 北京 100083
4.中国石油勘探开发研究院, 北京 100083
5.中国石化西北油田分公司勘探开发研究院, 新疆乌鲁木齐 830011
6.中国地质大学(北京), 北京 100083

收稿日期:2022-08-20 修回日期:2022-09-29 出版日期:2023-07-25 发布日期:2023-07-07
作者简介:何碧竹(1965-),女,研究员,博士生导师,主要从事盆地构造分析及油气勘探目标评价研究。E-mail: hebizhu@cags.ac.cn;hebizhu@vip.sina.com
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金项目(41872121);国家自然科学基金项目(41630207);国家自然科学基金项目(42172263);南方海洋科学与工程重大专项(GML2019ZD0201);中国地质科学院基本科研业务项目(JYYWF20180903);中国地质科学院基本科研业务项目(A1903);中国石化西北分公司科研项目(KY2013-S-024);中国石化西北分公司科研项目(KY2018-108);中国地质调查局项目(DD20221649);中国地质调查局项目(12120115002101);中国地质调查局项目(DD20190006);中国地质调查局项目(DD20190060)

The paleotectonic and paleogeography reconstructions of the Tarim Basin in the Neoproterozoic and prediction of favorable deep source rock areas

HE Bizhu¹^,²(), JIAO Cunli³, LIU Ruohan¹^,⁴, CAO Zicheng⁵, CAI Zhihui¹, LAN Mingjie⁵, YUN Xiaorui¹^,³, ZHU Ding⁵, JIANG Zhongzheng⁵, YANG Yujie⁵, LI Zhenyu¹^,⁶

1. Key Laboratory of Deep-Earth Dynamics of Ministry of Natural Resources, Institute of Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing 100037, China
2. Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511458, China
3. Exploration and Production Research Institute of SINOPEC, Beijing 100083, China
4. PetroChina Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration & Development, Beijing 100083, China
5. Institute of Northwestern Petroleum Subsidiary of SINOPEC, ürümqi 830011, China
6. China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China

Received:2022-08-20 Revised:2022-09-29 Online:2023-07-25 Published:2023-07-07

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

塔里木盆地新元古代构造-沉积发育对于了解克拉通初始发育及超深层油气勘探至关重要,因其埋深大,资料稀少,在盆地深埋区的研究极为困难,资料也存在一定的多解性。通过采用盆-山结合、地质-地球物理多种方法联合研究发现,新元古代塔里木盆地至少经历了3期构造旋回,形成3个沉积超层序和7~9个层序。盆地与盆缘新元古代沉积相带分布受断陷控制而变化差异较大,发育有陆棚相、冰川相、盆地相、碳酸盐岩台地相、潮坪相、扇三角洲相、滨浅海相和冲积扇-河流相等不同的沉积相,还发育有火成岩相。对南华纪-早寒武世之间主要的不整合结构构造及空间分布研究表明,盆缘及盆地内深埋区构造-沉积格架反映了伸展环境下的不整合结构构造特征,主要类型包括单斜低角度不整合、渐进角度不整合、断控角度不整合和平行不整合,它们进一步揭示了不同部位的构造作用过程。根据层序地层特征、新元古代断裂活动、不整合三元结构构造、震旦系及南华系地震地层学特征及波阻抗属性特征综合分析,重建了塔里木盆地深埋区震旦系、寒武系沉积前的构造古地理,各沉积相带的分布与南华纪晚期、震旦纪晚期断陷分布、沉降中心的分布和构造变形差异等有关。与Rodinia超大陆外向生长与裂解、Gondwana拼合响应,塔里木新元古代构造古地理演化经历了3个旋回:第一旋回为盆地内深裂陷启动期(900~760 Ma),第二旋回为深裂陷发育期(ca.750~630 Ma),第三旋回为裂陷快速扩张期及衰退期(630~520 Ma),3个旋回分别与塔里木陆块周缘新元古代早期俯冲相关的弧后伸展、中期裂谷盆地和晚期被动大陆边缘等大地构造环境转换相关。广盆存在的寒武系与震旦系或前震旦系不整合,揭示了震旦纪、寒武纪之交是塔里木地块由多个裂谷-断陷盆地向统一克拉通盆地的重要转换期。本研究形成了结构-多属性构造古地理重建恢复深埋区古构造、古地理的重要方法;根据相控条件预测了盆地内下寒武统及南华系有利烃源岩的发育区,对深层油气资源潜力评价有重要的意义。

关键词: 层序地层, 不整合结构构造, 古构造-古地理, 多期转换, 新元古代, 塔里木盆地

Abstract:

The tectono-sedimentary development of the Neoproterozoic of the Tarim Basin is important for understanding the basin initiation process and for the regional ultra-deep/deep oil and gas exploration. Due to the deep burial and data scarcity, it is extremely difficult to research the deep buried areas of the basin, and data interpretation can be ambiguous. This study, based on comprehensive analyses of drilling data and newly reprocessed seismic reflection data collected across the basin, reveals that the Tarim Basin experienced at least three tectonic cycles during the Neoproterozoic and developed three super stratigraphic sequences and 7-9 stratigraphic sequences. The distribution of sedimentary facies of the Neoproterozoic in the basin and its margin vary greatly, constrained obviously by Neoproterozoic rift depressions. The basin developed shelf facies, glacier facies, basin facies, carbonate platform facies, tidal-flat facies, fan-delta facies, littoral and shallow sea facies, alluvial-fluvial facies, and igneous rock facies. Results on the structural architecture and spatial distribution of unconformities during the Cryogenian-Early Cambrian reveal that the tectono-sedimentary frameworks of the basin margin and deep buried area are formed in an extensional environment. The main unconformity types include angular unconformity with low-angle and monocline structures, progressive syntectonic angular unconformity, fault-controlled unconformity, and paraconformity, and they are observed in every rift depressions and at different locations. The paleotectonic and paleogeography of the basin before the deposition of the Ediacaran and the Cambrian are reconstructed based on sequence stratigraphy, Neoproterozoic fault activity, unconformity architecture, seismic stratigraphy, and wave impedance inversion property data, which show that the distribution of various sedimentary facies zones is related to the developments of rift depressions and subsidence centers and the differences of structural deformations. In response to the subduction-related outgrowth and the breakup of Rodinia, and the assembly of Gondwana, the Tarim Basin experienced three evolutionary cycles in the Neoproterozoic: initiation of deep rift depressions (900-760 Ma), development of deep rift depressions (~750-630 Ma), and rapid extensions and declining of rift depressions (630-520 Ma). Correspondingly, the Tarim block underwent subduction-related back-arc extension, continental rift, and passive continental margin transformations during the Neoproterozoic. The Ediacaran to Cambrian transition is an important period where the Tarim block transformed from continental-rift/rift-depression basins into a unified cratonic basin. This is evidenced by the unconformity between the Cambrian and the Ediacaran or pre-Ediacaran across the basin and covered by the Lower Cambrian further. Here, a new method is developed to reconstruct paleotectonic and paleogeographic history of deep buried basins based on structural and multi-attribute analyses. Besides, the favorable development areas of Lower Cambrian-Upper Cryogenian source rocks are predicted according to structural and sedimentary facies constrains, which has great significance for the evaluation of deep oil and gas resource potential in the basin.

Key words: sequence stratigraphy, structural architectures of unconformities, paleotectonics and paleogeography, multiphase transformation, Neoproterozoic, Tarim Basin

中图分类号:

何碧竹, 焦存礼, 刘若涵, 曹自成, 蔡志慧, 兰明杰, 贠晓瑞, 朱定, 姜忠正, 杨玉杰, 李振宇. 塔里木盆地新元古代构造古地理及深层有利烃源岩发育区预测[J]. 地学前缘, 2023, 30(4): 19-42.

HE Bizhu, JIAO Cunli, LIU Ruohan, CAO Zicheng, CAI Zhihui, LAN Mingjie, YUN Xiaorui, ZHU Ding, JIANG Zhongzheng, YANG Yujie, LI Zhenyu. The paleotectonic and paleogeography reconstructions of the Tarim Basin in the Neoproterozoic and prediction of favorable deep source rock areas[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 2023, 30(4): 19-42.

图/表 13

图1 塔里木盆地及周缘造山带主要构造单元及重点钻井、剖面位置图(据文献[11⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓-18]修改) 显生宙一级构造单元:I-库车坳陷;II-塔北隆起;III-北部坳陷带;IV-中央隆起带;V-西南坳陷带;VI-东南断隆;VII-东南坳陷。露头剖面为绿色星,其编号为:1-尤尔美那克;2-磷矿沟;3-黑山;4-阿克美其克;见图3-5。红色虚线为露头与盆地内钻井的地层对比剖面AA',见图6。

Fig.1 Structural units of the Tarim Basin and adjacent areas and location of key wells and survey lines. Modified after [11⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓-18].

表1 塔里木盆地及周缘新元古代地层综合表(据文献[2,12,19-20,26-27,45⇓-47]修改)

Table 1 Composite stratigraphic column of Neoproterozoic strata in the Tarim Basin and surrounding area (modified after [2,12,19-20,26-27,45⇓-47]).

图2 南华系典型沉积特征及南华系与震旦系不整合结构构造特征,尤尔美那克剖面,阿克苏地区 A-巧恩布拉克组内灰绿色冰碛岩与下伏薄层状浅灰绿色粉砂岩不整合;B-巧恩布拉克组水下冰碛岩顶部,薄-纹层状粉砂岩、粉砂质泥岩夹冰川坠石(原位砾石及印模);C-巧恩布拉克组灰绿色薄-纹层状砂岩、泥质粉砂岩互层沉积;D-巧恩布拉克组与尤尔美那克组不整合、尤尔美那克与苏盖特布拉克组不整合;E-尤尔美那克组陆上冰碛岩中含巧恩布拉克组水下冰碛岩巨砾。

Fig.2 Sedimentary features of Cryogenian rocks(A-E) and structural architecture features of unconformities between the Cryogenian and Ediacaran (A,D-E), the Youermeinak section, Aksu area

图3 震旦系苏盖特布拉克组典型沉积特征及其相关不整合结构构造,阿克苏地区 A-苏盖特布拉克组与阿克苏群非整合接触,磷矿沟剖面;B-苏盖特布拉克组中层间正断层及顺层侵入的辉绿岩,磷矿沟剖面;C-褐红色含砾砂岩及粉砂岩,具有近同向的斜层理,苏盖特布拉克组下段,东二沟剖面;D-单向水流、双向水流、湍流多种类型的波痕,苏盖特布拉克组,东二沟剖面;E-震旦系苏盖特布拉克组与奇格布拉克组不整合结构构造,呈低角度单斜式不整合样式,不整合面下还存在大型软沉积变形构造-塑性挤入-挤出构造[43];F-震旦系奇格布拉克与寒武系玉尔吐斯组不整合,磷矿沟剖面。

Fig.3 Sedimentary characteristics of Sugaitebulak Fm. and related its unconformities, in the Ediacaran, Aksu area

图4 塔里木盆地西北缘及盆地中北部新元古界综合柱状图(据文献[12,19,28,43]修改)

Fig.4 Composite stratigraphic column of the Neoproterozoic northwestern margin and western and central parts of the Tarim Basin. Modified after [12,19,28,43].

图5 塔里木盆地重点钻井岩心揭示新元古界沉积岩特征,井位见图1 A-KT1井3 436.73~3 436.97 m,浅灰色含灰质粉砂质泥岩,含云质角砾,冰川相,冰碛岩,Z2h;B-XH1井5 861.89~5 862.01 m,灰色油迹角砾状白云岩,裂缝白色方解石半充填,潮坪相,Z2q;C-S44井5 464.50~5 464.76 m,浅灰色砾屑白云岩,冰川相,冰碛岩,Z2q ;D-XH1井6 113.62~6 113.84 m,灰色粉砂岩,潮坪相,Z1s;E-S20井5 396 m灰色板岩,深灰色泥岩与灰色粉砂岩,陆棚相,Z1s;F-YL1井4 543 m,灰色灰质粉砂岩,深水陆棚相,浊积岩,Z1s;G-QG1井5 751.98~5 752.14 m灰色油迹细晶白云岩,裂缝被白云石充填孔洞被白云石-石英半充填,碳酸盐岩台地相,Z2q;H-TD1井4 728 m深灰色白云岩,潮坪相,Z2q。

Fig.5 Drill cores of the Neoproterozoic from the Tarim Basin (well locations see Figs.1 and 9)

图6 塔里木盆地及周缘新元古代地层层序对比及沉积相剖面尤尔美那克、黑山剖面据文献[10,19,34]修改,LT1井修改自文献[32],露头剖面及钻井位置见图1。

Fig.6 West-east sedimentary succession from the Neoproterozoic to the Lower Cambrian along transect AA' (transect location see Fig.1). Youermeinake/Heishan sections modified after [10,19,34]; LT1 section modified after [32].

图7 塔里木盆地东部新元古界不整合结构构造及波阻抗剖面(a,b据文献[12]修改) a-地震地质解释剖面A-A',SYJS-英吉苏南断层,标注下行实线为现今塔里木盆地构造单元, 上行虚线为南华纪-震旦纪裂陷范围,剖面位置见图9;b-寒武系底反射层层拉平剖面,注释不整合结构构造特征,不整合结构类型图例下同,剖面中还标注了地震地层学特征,H、M、L分别代表高、中、低;A、F、C、I分别代表振幅、频率、连续性、波阻抗等;c-波阻抗反演剖面,剖面位置见图9。

Fig.7 Structural architecture features of unconformities between the Cryogenian and the Ediacaran and between the Ediacaran and Cambrian (a-b), and wave-impedance profile (c) at the east part of the Tarim Basin (profile locations see Fig.9)

图8 塔里木盆地新元古界不整合结构构造剖面及波阻抗剖面 a,b,c-不整合结构构造类型剖面特征,底图为寒武系底层拉平地震解释剖面C-C'、D-D'、E1-E',据文献[12]修改;d-波阻抗反演剖面E1-E';剖面位置见图9。

Fig.8 Structrual architecture features of unconformities between the Cryogenian and Ediacaran and between the Ediacaran and Cambrian(a-c), and the wave-impedance profile(d) in the Tarim Basin (profiles see in Fig.9)

图9 塔里木盆地新元古界不整合结构构造及地震地层学特征平面示意图(断裂系统据文献[12]修改) a-震旦系与南华系不整合结构构造及南华系地震属性特征;b-寒武系与震旦系不整合结构构造及震旦系地震属性特征。

Fig.9 Structural architecture features of unconformities and seismic stratigraphic attributes in the Neoproterzoic Tarim Basin. Fault systems modified after [12].

图10 塔里木盆地震旦系(A)、寒武系(B)沉积前构造古地理图图A中火成岩年龄参考:① [11], ② [39], ③ [12], ④ [53], ⑤ [30]; ⑥ [70]; ⑦ [25], ⑧ [71]。图中还注明了南华系与震旦系(A)、震旦系与寒武系(B)之间不整合的结构构造。

Fig.10 Paleotectonic and paleogeographic maps of the pre-Ediacaran (A) and pre-Cambrian (B) Tarim Basin

图11 塔里木盆地新元古代构造-沉积旋回及裂陷发育过程不整合结构、沉积充填、断裂作用等典型剖面以新元古代英吉苏断陷为例(i-iv), 盆地内及周缘的岩浆事件详见相关参考文献。

Fig.11 Tectono-sedimentary cycles and evolution of Neoproterozoic rift depressions, Tarim Basin (The Yingjisu faulted-depression is taken as an example (Profile i-iii indicate the three cycles in the Neoproterozoic, profile iv indicates the present features), and the relevant references of magmatic events are also marked.)

图12 塔里木盆地南华系特瑞艾肯组及下寒武统有利于烃源岩发育区

Fig.12 Predicted source rock zones of the Cryogenian Tereeken Formation and the Lower Cambrian in the Tarim Basin

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塔里木盆地新元古代构造古地理及深层有利烃源岩发育区预测

The paleotectonic and paleogeography reconstructions of the Tarim Basin in the Neoproterozoic and prediction of favorable deep source rock areas

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