湖南耕地土壤和稻米重金属污染防控实践与思考

doi:10.13745/j.esf.sf.2023.8.24

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

湖南省是我国主要产粮区之一。由于矿产经济活动及其他人类活动,大面积耕地土壤受到重金属污染,从而一些地方的稻米重金属含量超过国家食品卫生标准。本研究对湖南省耕地土壤与稻米重金属污染现状和成因进行剖析。结果表明:湖南耕地土壤重金属污染特征是复合污染为主,污染程度逐年上升,主要分布在湘江流域和工矿区,并逐渐蔓延至养殖区,稻米重金属污染主要以Cd为主,其次是As和Pb。针对湖南稻米重金属污染的各种防控措施,阐述其工作原理、应用实例和优缺点,然后对湖南省开展的土壤重金属污染修复措施和研究进行总结与思考,提出应当构建一种基于土壤组成的原味钝化材料耦合易操作农艺措施的经济、绿色、高效的综合性技术方案,以期来修复耕地土壤重金属污染和降低稻米重金属含量,保障粮食安全生产。

关键词: 耕地土壤, 稻米, 重金属, 修复技术, 钝化剂, 湖南

Abstract:

Hunan Province is one of the main grain-producing areas in China. Due to mining economic and other human activities, large areas of cultivated land soil are contaminated by heavy metals, which caused the concentrations of heavy metals in rice from some places exceed national food hygiene standard values. In this study, the current pollution status and reasons of heavy metal contaminated cultivated land soil and rice in Hunan Province are analyzed. The results showed that the characteristic of heavy metal contaminated farmland soil in Hunan is multiple-heavy metal pollution, and the level of pollution increases year by year, which is mainly distributed around the Xiangjiang River Basin and industrial and mining areas, and the contaminated area gradually spreads to breeding areas. The prominent heavy metal in rice is cadmium (Cd), followed by arsenic (As) and lead (Pb). In view of the various prevention and control measures for heavy metal pollution in rice from Hunan, their working principles, application examples, advantages and disadvantages were introduced. Then the remediation measures on heavy metal contaminated soil and their researches carried out in Hunan Province were summarized and discussed. Finally, in order to remediate heavy metal contaminated soil, reduce heavy metal contents in rice, and ensure safe food production, the economical, green, and efficient comprehensive technical method including in-situ passivator materials which based on soil composition coupled with easy-to-operate agronomic measures would be recommended.

Key words: cultivated land, rice, heavy metals, remediation, passivators, Hunan

中图分类号:

雷鸣, 周一敏, 黄大睿, 黄雅媛, 王薪琪, 李冰玉, 杜辉辉, 刘孝利, 铁柏清. 湖南耕地土壤和稻米重金属污染防控实践与思考[J]. 地学前缘, 2024, 31(2): 173-182.

LEI Ming, ZHOU Yimin, HUANG Darui, HUANG Yayuan, WANG Xinqi, LI Bingyu, DU Huihui, LIU Xiaoli, TIE Boqing. Prevention and control of heavy metal contamination in cropland and in commercial rice in Hunan Province: Current status and practical considerations[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 2024, 31(2): 173-182.

图/表 2

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修复技术	作用机制	优点	缺点	适用范围	参考文献
石灰调节	提高土壤pH,促使重金属阳离子发生共沉淀	成本低,操作简便,效果好	连年施用易破环土壤团粒结构,导致土壤板结	酸性Cd污染土壤,不适合As污染土壤	[36-37]
品种调整	品种间对重金属的积累存在较大差异	重金属在可食部位积累量少,生长、产量不受影响	品种筛选时间长,品种有特点适宜生长区	适宜相应品种生长地区	[29]
水分调控	淹水提高土壤pH值,降低土壤氧化还原电位,降低重金属活性	成本低,效果好	对水质要求高,易受天气和田间管理人员干扰	酸性Cd污染土壤,不适合As污染土壤	[38]
叶面调控	抑制作物根系向可食部位转运重金属	满足作物微量有益元素需要,操作简便	易受天气和田间管理人员干扰	适用Cd、As污染稻田	[39]
原位钝化	在污染土壤中添加化学改良剂,通过吸附、共沉淀、离子交换和络合等方式固定重金属	成本低,可大量使用,可增加土壤养分和有机质含量	不能完全去除土壤中的重金属,引起二次污染,影响土壤理化性质	一般重金属污染农田	[35]
微生物修复	利用微生物通过吸收、沉淀、氧化和还原反应来改变土壤中的金属流动性和生物有效性	成本低、效果好、环保	修复周期长,修复效果不稳定	一般重金属污染农田	[40]
“VIP”联合修复技术	在低Cd积累品种(V)、淹水灌溉(I)、施用石灰等调节土壤酸碱度(P)的基础上增施土壤调理剂、叶面肥(n)等技术	效率高,实现“边生产、边修复”		酸性Cd污染稻田	[41-42]

修复技术	作用机制	优点	缺点	适用范围	参考文献
石灰调节	提高土壤pH,促使重金属阳离子发生共沉淀	成本低,操作简便,效果好	连年施用易破环土壤团粒结构,导致土壤板结	酸性Cd污染土壤,不适合As污染土壤	[36-37]
品种调整	品种间对重金属的积累存在较大差异	重金属在可食部位积累量少,生长、产量不受影响	品种筛选时间长,品种有特点适宜生长区	适宜相应品种生长地区	[29]
水分调控	淹水提高土壤pH值,降低土壤氧化还原电位,降低重金属活性	成本低,效果好	对水质要求高,易受天气和田间管理人员干扰	酸性Cd污染土壤,不适合As污染土壤	[38]
叶面调控	抑制作物根系向可食部位转运重金属	满足作物微量有益元素需要,操作简便	易受天气和田间管理人员干扰	适用Cd、As污染稻田	[39]
原位钝化	在污染土壤中添加化学改良剂,通过吸附、共沉淀、离子交换和络合等方式固定重金属	成本低,可大量使用,可增加土壤养分和有机质含量	不能完全去除土壤中的重金属,引起二次污染,影响土壤理化性质	一般重金属污染农田	[35]
微生物修复	利用微生物通过吸收、沉淀、氧化和还原反应来改变土壤中的金属流动性和生物有效性	成本低、效果好、环保	修复周期长,修复效果不稳定	一般重金属污染农田	[40]
“VIP”联合修复技术	在低Cd积累品种(V)、淹水灌溉(I)、施用石灰等调节土壤酸碱度(P)的基础上增施土壤调理剂、叶面肥(n)等技术	效率高,实现“边生产、边修复”		酸性Cd污染稻田	[41-42]

修复技术	土壤修复成本/(元·hm^-2)
钝化	6 000~18 000
叶面阻控	1 800~6 000
植物修复	1 500~7 500
微生物修复	4 500~15 000

修复技术	土壤修复成本/(元·hm^-2)
钝化	6 000~18 000
叶面阻控	1 800~6 000
植物修复	1 500~7 500
微生物修复	4 500~15 000