四川巴塘县茶洛地区温泉及间歇喷泉水化学特征和成因分析

doi:10.13745/j.esf.sf.2020.6.35

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

温泉的水化学和成因研究对地热资源的开发利用有重要意义。四川巴塘县茶洛温泉的分布受茶洛—松多断层带的控制,沿北东—南西向的河流两岸出露,附近出露三叠系灰岩、砾岩和燕山期花岗岩。在温泉区出露有近20个泉眼,对其中10个泉眼进行采样测试。受出露点冷水混入的影响,东北部的两个泉眼温度为45~51 ℃,中西部地区的泉眼温度为77~89 ℃,部分为沸泉泉眼;各泉眼流量为0.01~1.8 L/s;pH值为6.1~8.1,矿化度为0.39~1.06 g/L,F^-含量为15~22 mg/L,偏硅酸含量为69~356 mg/L。泉水主要阳离子为Na⁺、K⁺和Ca²⁺,主要阴离子为 $CO 3 2 -$ 、 $HCO 3 -$ 、Cl^-和 $SO 4 2 -$ ,水化学类型为HCO₃-Na型。氢氧同位素数据表明,研究区地下热水来源于大气降水,补给高程约为4 400~4 800 m,补给区年均气温在-10 ℃左右。利用SiO₂温标估算茶洛温泉热储层温度约为150~200 ℃,热水循环深度约为2 810~3 480 m。茶洛温泉为大气降水入渗后在地下深循环过程中被大地热流加热,再沿断层带在河谷涌出地表而形成的温泉。在河流西北岸分布有灰岩,地下水溶蚀形成空洞,来自浅处的冷水和来自深部的热水在空洞中混合并被加热至沸点,导致热水间歇性上升喷出地面,形成间歇喷泉。

关键词: 温泉, 间歇喷泉, 水化学, 成因, 四川

Abstract:

Hydrochemical and genetic investigations of hot springs are of great significance for the exploitation of geothermal resources. The Chaluo hot springs are located along a river valley in the Batang County of Sichuan Province. The occurrence of the springs is controlled by the Chaluo-Songduo fault. Triassic limestone, conglomerate and granite of the Yanshan Period occur near the hot spring. There are about twenty spring vents on both sides of the river, some are boiling vents and at least two are geysers. Hot water samples were taken from 10 vents. Due to different rock conditions and cold water mixing status, the temperatures of the two vents in the northeastern region ranged from 45 to 51 ℃, while in the central and western areas the vent temperatures ranged from 77 to 89 ℃. The discharge of the vents ranged from 0.01 to 1.8 L/s. The main chemical characteristics of the hot spring water are: pH=6.1-8.1, TDS=0.39-1.06 g/L, [F^-]=15-22 mg/L, and [H₂SiO₃]= 69-356 mg/L. The major cations in the hot springs are Na⁺, K⁺ and Ca²⁺, and the major anions are $CO 3 2 -$ , $HCO 3 -$ , Cl^- and $SO 4 2 -$ . Most of the hot water samples are of HCO₃-Na type. The δ²H and δ ¹⁸O of the hot spring water samples indicate that the hot water is meteoric in origin. The recharge altitude was estimated to be 4400-4800 m, and the average temperature of the recharge area is about -10 ℃. The estimated temperature of the geothermal reservoir is 150-200 ℃, and the calculated depth of the thermal ground water is 2810-3480 m. The geothermal waters of the Chaluo hot springs receive recharge from precipitation infiltration. Heated by heat flow during the deep circulation process, the hot waters emerge along the fault zones in the river valley. Thick limestones near the springs are dissolved by groundwater to form cavities, inside which the shallow cold and deep hot waters are mixed and heated to boiling temperature forming geysers.

Key words: hot spring, geyser, hydrochemistry, genesis, Sichuan

中图分类号:

曹入文, 周训, 陈柄桦, 李状. 四川巴塘县茶洛地区温泉及间歇喷泉水化学特征和成因分析[J]. 地学前缘, 2021, 28(4): 361-372.

CAO Ruwen, ZHOU Xun, CHEN Binghua, LI Zhuang. Hydrogeochemical characteristics and genetic analysis of the Chaluo hot springs and geysers in the Batang County of Sichuan Province[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 2021, 28(4): 361-372.

图/表 14

图1 四川茶洛地区地质图(据文献[12]修改) 1—第四系冲洪积物;2—花岗岩;3—三叠系拉纳山组粗碎屑岩夹灰岩;4—三叠系图姆沟组二段长英砂岩、板岩;5—三叠系图姆沟组一段石英质砾岩、灰岩、火山碎屑岩,局部夹板岩;6—三叠系曲嘎寺组砂岩、砾岩、灰岩、碎屑岩;7—三叠系列依组砂岩夹板岩;8—三叠系党恩组砂岩、板岩、千枚岩互层;9—二叠系刚达概组上段火山岩、灰岩、碎屑岩;10断层;11—温泉;12—河流及流向;13—公路。

Fig.1 Geological map of the Chaluo area in Sichuan. Modified after [12].

图2 茶洛温泉泉眼位置及富水性平面示意图 1—富水程度弱的松散岩类孔隙含水岩组;2—富水程度弱的碎屑岩类夹碳酸盐岩类裂隙含水岩组;3—富水程度弱的侵入岩类裂隙含水岩组;4—中低温温泉泉眼;5—高温沸泉泉眼;6—高温间歇喷发泉眼;7—古钙华锥;8—河流;9—公路;10—桥梁;11—村庄。

Fig.2 Schematic map of spring mouth locations and water yield property for Chaluo hot spring

表1 温泉水样的水化学测试数据

Table 1 Results of chemical analysis of hot spring samples

图3 茶洛温泉水样改进的Schoeller图

Fig.3 Modified Schoeller diagram of water samples from Chaluo hot spring

图4 茶洛温泉水样Piper图

Fig.4 Piper diagram of water samples from Chaluo hot spring

图5 茶洛温泉样品的δ2H-δ18O关系图

Fig.5 δ2H-δ18O relationship diagram for samples of Chaluo hot spring

表2 地下热水的补给高程

Table 2 Estimated altitude of geothermal water recharging area

泉眼编号	标高/m	δ²H/‰	δ¹⁸O/‰	补给高程/m
泉眼编号	标高/m	δ²H/‰	δ¹⁸O/‰	方法1(δ²H)	方法1(δ¹⁸O)	方法2(δ²H)	平均值
SC103-1	3 541	-148.2	-18.8	4 731	4 526	4 538	4 598
SC103-2	3 560	-151.5	-19.6	4 858	4 784	4 665	4 769
SC103-3	3 570	-150.7	-18.9	4 827	4 558	4 635	4 673
SC103-4	3 550	-150.8	-18.3	4 831	4 365	4 638	4 611
SC103-5	3 550	-147.5	-17.8	4 704	4 203	4 512	4 473
SC103-6	3 550	-149.1	-18	4 765	4 268	4 573	4 535
SC103-7	3 550	-153.3	-19	4 927	4 590	4 735	4 751
SC103-8	3 540	-148.8	-18	4 754	4 268	4 562	4 528
SC103-9	3 530	-150.3	-18.1	4 812	4 300	4 619	4 577
SC103-10	3 541	-151.6	-18.4	4 862	4 397	4 669	4 643

表3 地下热水的补给温度

Table 3 Estimated temperature of geothermal water recharging area

泉眼编号	δ²H/‰	δ¹⁸O/‰	补给区温度 (式(5),δ²H)/℃	补给区温度 (式(5),δ¹⁸O)/℃	补给区温度 (式(6),δ²H)/℃	平均温度/℃
SC103-1	-148.2	-18.8	-8.6	-5.4	-18.7	-10.9
SC103-2	-151.5	-19.6	-9.2	-6.2	-19.8	-11.7
SC103-3	-150.7	-18.9	-9.1	-5.5	-19.6	-11.4
SC103-4	-150.8	-18.3	-9.1	-4.9	-19.6	-11.2
SC103-5	-147.5	-17.8	-8.5	-4.4	-18.5	-10.4
SC103-6	-149.1	-18	-8.8	-4.6	-19.0	-10.8
SC103-7	-153.3	-19	-9.5	-5.6	-20.4	-11.8
SC103-8	-148.8	-18	-8.7	-4.6	-18.9	-10.7
SC103-9	-150.3	-18.1	-9.0	-4.7	-19.4	-11.0
SC103-10	-151.6	-18.4	-9.2	-5.0	-19.9	-11.4

表4 研究区热储温度计算结果

Table 4 Estimated temperature of geothermal reservoir of the study area

泉眼编号	水温/℃	热储温度/℃				热储温度取值/℃
泉眼编号	水温/℃	式(7)	式(8)	式(9)	式(10)	热储温度取值/℃
SC103-1	45.3	105.8	105.4	105.7	75.8	75~105
SC103-2	51.6	105.3	104.9	105.2	75.2	75~105
SC103-3	85.8	179.9	179.3	167.6	158.1	158~179
SC103-5	83	161.9	161.6	153.1	137.9	137~161
SC103-6	81	203.7	202.6	186.4	185.2	185~203
SC103-7	83.6	188.5	187.7	174.4	167.8	167~188
SC103-8	89	174.2	173.7	163.0	151.6	151~174
SC103-9	77	176.9	176.4	165.2	154.7	154~176
SC103-10	88	188.6	187.8	174.6	168.0	168~188

图6 温泉水样的Giggenbach Na-K-Mg三角图 TK-Na等温线是用K-Na温标计算得到的等温线;TK-Mg等温线是用K-Mg温标计算得到的等温线。

Fig.6 Giggenbach Na-K-Mg triangle diagram for hot spring water samples

表5 研究区地下热水循环深度

Table 5 Estimated circulation depth of thermal groundwater in the study area

泉眼编号	G/(m·℃^-1)	T_Z/℃	T₀/℃	Z₀/m	Z/m
SC103-1	20	75.8	12	30	1 295.3
SC103-2	20	75.2	12	30	1 283.9
SC103-3	20	158.1	12	30	2 941.7
SC103-5	20	137.9	12	30	2 537.1
SC103-6	20	185.2	12	30	3 483.6
SC103-7	20	167.8	12	30	3 135.7
SC103-8	20	151.6	12	30	2 811.9
SC103-9	20	154.7	12	30	2 874.6
SC103-10	20	168.0	12	30	3 139.1

图7 茶洛温泉10号(SC103-10)泉眼未喷发时(a)和喷发时(b)的情形

Fig.7 Situation before (a) and in (b) eruption for No.10 spring mouth (SC103-10) of Chaluo hot spring

图8 茶洛温泉成因模式图 1—花岗岩;2—断层;3—冰雪覆盖;4—大气降水入渗补给;5—示意性地下水流向;6—茶洛温泉;7—大地热流;T2ly—三叠系中统永列组;T3q—三叠系上统曲嘎寺组;T3t1—三叠系上统图姆沟组一段;T3t2—三叠系上统图姆沟组二段;γ—花岗岩。

Fig.8 Diagram of origin mode for Chaluo hot spring

图9 茶洛温泉东部泉眼(a)和西部泉眼(b)出露模式 1—卵石;2—砾岩;3—变质砂岩;4—灰岩;5—花岗岩;6—断裂;7—大气降水;8—冷水流向;9—热水流向;10—泉眼;11—大地热流;12—岩石空洞。

Fig.9 Spring mouth’s emergence mode in east (a) and west (b) parts of Chaluo hot spring

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