Screening chemical extraction methods for bioavailable Cd in soils based on bioconcentration factor in crops

doi:10.13745/j.esf.sf.2024.1.13

Abstract

Abstract:

The degree of cadmium (Cd) uptake and transport in plants and its ecological risk are largely determined by the chemical form it takes in soils. In risk assessment of Cd contaminated farmland soils two urgent issues need to be addressed: risk assessment based on the effective form of Cd in soil, and formulation of safety threshold values for heavy metal remediation. Currently, although many effective chemical extraction methods are available for heavy metal remediation, there lacks a versatile extraction method for bioavailable Cd in soils with different soil properties. In this study, farmland soil samples of nine soil types in China are collected for soil culture and pot experiments using rice, Chinese cabbage, and corn as test crops. Chromium contaminated soil samples are prepared by exogenous addition methods. Overall, five commonly used chemical extraction methods—neutral inorganic salt (CaCl₂), weak acid (HCl), chelating agent (DTPA, ETPA), and combined (Mehlich-3, or M3) extraction methods—are tested to quantitatively evaluate the effectiveness of these methods for Cd extraction under different soil types and the relationship between Cd extracted from soils and Cd accumulation in crops, with the goal of finding an extraction method that is widely applicable in different soil types. Chromium bioavailability determined by different methods differed significantly (p<0.05), and the extraction rates (%) followed the order of DTPA≈EDTA≈HCl>M3≈CaCl₂. Through comprehensive correlation analysis, the comprehensive correlation coefficients (I_p) between Cd extracted from soil and Cd uptake in the shoots of crops were calculated for each method, yielding I_M3=0.765, I_EDTA=0.641, I_DTPA=0.627, I_HCl=0.606, $I_{CaCl_{2}}=0.711$. Thus, M3 was considered a versatile extraction method which showed the highest I_p values for rice, Chinese cabbage, and corn in soils with different soil properties. The above results provide a theoretical basis for the evaluation of Cd bioavailability in farmland soils and remediation of Cd contaminated farmland.

Key words: Cd, polluted soil, bioconcentration factor, chemical extraction method, screening

CLC Number:

YU Lei, SUN Xiaoyi, QIN Luyao, WANG Jing, WANG Meng, CHEN Shibao. Screening chemical extraction methods for bioavailable Cd in soils based on bioconcentration factor in crops[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 2024, 31(2): 111-120.

Figures/Tables 4

References 29

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地点	土壤类型	pH (1∶5H₂O)	EC/ (μS·cm^-1)	CEC/ (cmol·kg^-1)	OC含量/%	无定形铁含量/ (g·kg^-1)	黏粒含量/%	Cd含量/ (mg·kg^-1)
广州	砖红壤	5.24	49.6	7.12	0.97	7.29	36.8	0.143
祁阳	红壤	4.57	74.2	7.47	0.88	5.23	46.1	0.121
嘉兴	水稻土	6.64	203.4	12.82	2.46	2.14	28.1	0.119
重庆	紫色土	7.02	71.3	18.41	1.79	3.10	27.3	0.207
北京	棕壤	7.47	104.8	22.70	2.28	19.9	21.2	0.095
郑州	潮土	8.64	169.6	8.51	2.67	15.9	26.9	0.172
公主岭	黑土	7.31	147.1	28.81	2.89	2.26	28.6	0.086
呼和浩特	黑钙土	7.71	141.7	22.7	2.66	37.1	20.2	0.104
咸阳	垆土	8.71	75.6	8.46	0.62	27.5	16.6	0.168

地点	土壤类型	pH (1∶5H₂O)	EC/ (μS·cm^-1)	CEC/ (cmol·kg^-1)	OC含量/%	无定形铁含量/ (g·kg^-1)	黏粒含量/%	Cd含量/ (mg·kg^-1)
广州	砖红壤	5.24	49.6	7.12	0.97	7.29	36.8	0.143
祁阳	红壤	4.57	74.2	7.47	0.88	5.23	46.1	0.121
嘉兴	水稻土	6.64	203.4	12.82	2.46	2.14	28.1	0.119
重庆	紫色土	7.02	71.3	18.41	1.79	3.10	27.3	0.207
北京	棕壤	7.47	104.8	22.70	2.28	19.9	21.2	0.095
郑州	潮土	8.64	169.6	8.51	2.67	15.9	26.9	0.172
公主岭	黑土	7.31	147.1	28.81	2.89	2.26	28.6	0.086
呼和浩特	黑钙土	7.71	141.7	22.7	2.66	37.1	20.2	0.104
咸阳	垆土	8.71	75.6	8.46	0.62	27.5	16.6	0.168

土壤类型	Cd含量/(mg·kg^-1)	富集系数(BCF)
土壤类型	Cd含量/(mg·kg^-1)	水稻	小白菜	玉米
砖红壤	0.143	1.685^a	1.370^b	0.650^c
	1.306	1.470^a	1.251^a	0.615^b
	3.048	1.434^a	1.102^b	0.580^c
红壤	0.121	1.580^a	1.291^a	0.603^b
	1.293	1.404^a	1.120^b	0.509^c
	3.084	1.353^a	1.044^a	0.529^b
水稻土	0.119	1.143^a	0.773^b	0.689^b
	1.263	0.981^a	0.654^b	0.444^c
	3.196	0.885^a	0.726^ab	0.564^b
紫色土	0.207	1.377^a	0.836^b	0.544^b
	1.336	1.161^a	0.806^b	0.451^c
	3.102	1.051^a	0.820^a	0.511^b
棕壤	0.095	1.063^a	0.696^b	0.467^c
	1.224	0.954^a	0.627^b	0.459^b
	2.931	0.948^a	0.741^ab	0.572^b
潮土	0.172	1.158^a	0.808^b	0.564^c
	1.267	0.935^a	0.705^ab	0.529^b
	3.204	1.003^a	0.712^b	0.515^c
黑土	0.086	0.972^a	0.824^ab	0.654^b
	1.100	0.870^a	0.732^ab	0.550^b
	2.967	0.944^a	0.853^a	0.480^b
黑钙土	0.104	0.787^a	0.637^ab	0.518^b
	1.402	0.701^a	0.628^a	0.417^b
	3.180	0.803^a	0.661^b	0.424^c
垆土	0.168	0.807^a	0.770^a	0.551^b
	1.236	0.711^a	0.620^ab	0.548^b
	3.081	0.605^a	0.612^a	0.423^b

土壤类型	Cd含量/(mg·kg^-1)	富集系数(BCF)
土壤类型	Cd含量/(mg·kg^-1)	水稻	小白菜	玉米
砖红壤	0.143	1.685^a	1.370^b	0.650^c
	1.306	1.470^a	1.251^a	0.615^b
	3.048	1.434^a	1.102^b	0.580^c
红壤	0.121	1.580^a	1.291^a	0.603^b
	1.293	1.404^a	1.120^b	0.509^c
	3.084	1.353^a	1.044^a	0.529^b
水稻土	0.119	1.143^a	0.773^b	0.689^b
	1.263	0.981^a	0.654^b	0.444^c
	3.196	0.885^a	0.726^ab	0.564^b
紫色土	0.207	1.377^a	0.836^b	0.544^b
	1.336	1.161^a	0.806^b	0.451^c
	3.102	1.051^a	0.820^a	0.511^b
棕壤	0.095	1.063^a	0.696^b	0.467^c
	1.224	0.954^a	0.627^b	0.459^b
	2.931	0.948^a	0.741^ab	0.572^b
潮土	0.172	1.158^a	0.808^b	0.564^c
	1.267	0.935^a	0.705^ab	0.529^b
	3.204	1.003^a	0.712^b	0.515^c
黑土	0.086	0.972^a	0.824^ab	0.654^b
	1.100	0.870^a	0.732^ab	0.550^b
	2.967	0.944^a	0.853^a	0.480^b
黑钙土	0.104	0.787^a	0.637^ab	0.518^b
	1.402	0.701^a	0.628^a	0.417^b
	3.180	0.803^a	0.661^b	0.424^c
垆土	0.168	0.807^a	0.770^a	0.551^b
	1.236	0.711^a	0.620^ab	0.548^b
	3.081	0.605^a	0.612^a	0.423^b