Iron and manganese in shallow groundwater in Shijiazhuang: Distribution characteristics and a cause analysis

doi:10.13745/j.esf.sf.2020.7.4

Abstract

Abstract:

Iron and manganese ions, as the main indicator contributing to the sub-Class III classification of shallow groundwater in Shijiazhuang, pose serious risks to local water safety and residents’ health. Here, based on previous researches and a new hydrogeological survey, 138 groundwater samples were collected and analyzed to reveal the spatial distribution characteristics of high Fe/Mn groundwater influenced by hydrogeological conditions as well as human factors, such as groundwater development and ground pollution input. Multivariate regression was used to establish the mathematical relationship between the influencing factors and high Fe/Mn presence, and to determine the main controlling factors for the Fe/Mn distribution in the area. The results showed that the average Fe and Mn concentrations in the study area were 0.2 and 0.04 mg/L, respectively, with 15.2% and 5.8% water samples being classified as sub-Class III, respectively. The low level Fe/Mn is mainly found in the top unit of the alluvial-proluvial fan and groundwater dropping funnel areas, impacted by groundwater mining. The over-mining area is liable to form an oxidizing environment, where low oxidation state Fe/Mn are oxidized to form insoluble Fe-Mn compounds resulting in a decrease in Fe/Mn concentration. The median level Fe/Mn is mainly found in the central unit of the alluvial fan. As its lithology becomes finer and hydraulic gradient becomes smaller, the central unit is easy to form a reducing environment where Fe/Mn are concentrated as a result of such natural advantage. The high level Fe/Mn is mainly found in spots or bands in the northern part of the Shijiazhuang urban area, Zhengding County, and in southern Lingshou County, caused mainly by surface pollution. The input of pollutants leads to changes in the redox and acid-base environments and an increase in the Fe/Mn concentration.

Key words: Shijiazhuang, iron and manganese, groundwater exploitation, groundwater pollution, hydrogeological conditions

CLC Number:

P641
X523

ZHANG Xiaowen, HE Jiangtao, HUANG Guanxing. Iron and manganese in shallow groundwater in Shijiazhuang: Distribution characteristics and a cause analysis[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 2021, 28(4): 206-218.

Figures/Tables 13

Fig.1 Geographic location and hydrogeological sketch map of the study area

Fig.2 B-B' stratigraphic profile of the Hutuo River alluvial-pluvial fan. Modified after [14].

Fig.3 Potential pollution sources and groundwater sampling sites in the study area

Table 1 Iron and manganese concentration data statistics

指标	分区	ρ_B/(mg·L^-1)				变异系数/ %
指标	分区	最大值	最小值	平均值	中位值	变异系数/ %
Fe	顶部	3.38	<0.03	0.170	0.053	2.579
	中部	5.21	<0.03	0.219	0.060	2.886
	整区	5.21	<0.03	0.197	0.056	2.802
Mn	顶部	0.16	<0.01	0.012	<0.01	2.301
	中部	2.44	<0.01	0.055	<0.01	5.221
	整区	2.44	<0.01	0.035	<0.01	6.012

Fig.4 Groundwater quality and Fe/Mn distribution characteristics in the study area

Fig.5 Iron/Manganese concentration data statistics after anomaly recognition for the top and middle units

Fig.6 Change of shallow groundwater level from 1984 to 2010 (a) and present-day hydraulic gradient of shallow groundwater (b) in the study area. Modified after [25].

Fig.7 Relationship between groundwater exploitation index and Fe/Mn concentration

Fig.8 Distribution characteristics of Fe/Mn concentration under different exploitation indexes

Fig.9 Relationship between Fe/Mn influencing factor score and anthropogenic inputs

Fig.10 Distribution characteristics of Fe/Mn concentrations at sampling sites under different anthropogenic inputs

Fig.11 Iron/Manganese influencing factor scores in different redox environments

Fig.12 Matlab surface fitting results for iron and manganese genesis in the Shijiazhuang area

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