热液成矿系统构造控矿理论

doi:10.13745/j.esf.sf.2024.1.40

地学前缘 ›› 2024, Vol. 31 ›› Issue (1): 239-266.DOI: 10.13745/j.esf.sf.2024.1.40

• 陆内成矿作用与成矿系统(华南中生代陆内成矿作用) • 上一篇下一篇

热液成矿系统构造控矿理论

杨立强¹^,²^,³^,⁴(), 杨伟¹, 张良¹, 高雪¹, 申世龙¹, 王偲瑞¹^,⁵, 徐瀚涛¹, 贾晓晨¹^,⁴, 邓军¹^,²^,³^,⁴

1.中国地质大学(北京) 地质过程与矿产资源国家重点实验室/深时数字地球前沿科学中心, 北京 100083
2.山东省地质科学研究院自然资源部金矿成矿过程与资源利用重点实验室, 山东济南 250013
3.山东黄金地质研究院, 山东济南 250101
4.山东省地质矿产勘查开发局第六地质大队自然资源部深部金矿资源勘查与开采技术创新中心, 山东威海 264209
5.西昌学院资源与环境学院, 四川西昌 615000

收稿日期:2023-11-07 修回日期:2023-12-21 出版日期:2024-01-25 发布日期:2024-01-25
作者简介:杨立强(1971—),男,教授,博士生导师,主要从事矿床学及矿产普查与勘探的教学和科研工作。E-mail: lqyang@cugb.edu.cn
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金项目(42130801);国家自然科学基金项目(42272071);科学技术部国家重点研发计划项目(2019YFA0708603);高等学校学科创新引智计划2.0(BP0719021);中国地质大学深时数字地球前沿科学中心“深时数字地球”中央高校科技领军人才团队项目(2652023001);地质过程与矿产资源国家重点实验室专项(MSFGPMR201804)

Developing structural control models for hydrothermal metallogenic systems: Theoretical and methodological principles and applications

YANG Liqiang¹^,²^,³^,⁴(), YANG Wei¹, ZHANG Liang¹, GAO Xue¹, SHEN Shilong¹, WANG Sirui¹^,⁵, XU Hantao¹, JIA Xiaochen¹^,⁴, DENG Jun¹^,²^,³^,⁴

1. State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources/Frontiers Science Center for Deep-time Digital Earth, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China
2. Ministry of Natural Resources Key Laboratory of Gold Mineralization Processes and Resources Utilization, Shandong Institute of Geological Sciences, Jinan 250013, China
3. Institute of Geological Research, Shandong Gold Group Co., LTD, Jinan 250101, China
4. Ministry of Natural Resources Technology Innovation Center for Deep Gold Resources Exploration and Mining, No.6 Geological Team of Shandong Provincial Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources, Weihai 264209, China
5. College of Resources and Environment, Xichang University, Xichang 615000, China

Received:2023-11-07 Revised:2023-12-21 Online:2024-01-25 Published:2024-01-25

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

构造对成矿的控制是热液成矿系统的典型特征之一,系统剖析多重尺度控矿构造的几何学、运动学、动力学、流变学和热力学对认识矿床成因和预测找矿至关重要;而如何实现控矿构造格架、渗透性结构、成矿流体通道和矿化变形网络由静态到多尺度时-空四维动态的转变,查明流体通道和矿床增量生长过程与控制因素,揭示热液成矿系统的构造-流体耦合成矿机制和定位规律是亟待解决的关键科学难题。为此,我们在对已有相关成果系统梳理的基础上,提出了科学构建热液成矿系统构造控矿理论的基本要点与对应方法及应用范畴:(1)流体而非构造是构造控矿理论的中心,热液系统的流体流动与成矿作用受控于断裂带格架及其渗透性结构,其中渗透率是将流体流动与流体压力变化联系起来理解控矿构造的核心;(2)不同控矿构造组合的关键控制是构造差应力和流体压力的大小,而矿化类型的变化可能是由于构造应力场引起的容矿构造方位的不同和赋矿围岩之间的强度差异所致;(3)流体通道的生长始于超压流体储库上游围岩中孤立的微裂隙沿流体压力梯度最大的方向、随裂隙发育且相互连结而形成新的长裂隙,并最终连通形成断裂网络内的流体通道,矿床的增量生长发生在高流体通量的短爆发期,断层反复滑动驱动其内流体压力、流速和应力快速变化,当由此诱发的流体通道生长破坏了流体系统的动态平衡时,随之而来的流体快速降压就成为金属沉淀成矿的关键驱动因素;(4)以热液裂隙-脉系统野外地质观测和构造-蚀变-矿化网络三维填图为基础,通过宏观与微观各级控矿构造相结合、地质历史与构造应力分析相结合、局部与区域点-线-面相结合、浅部与深部相结合、时间与空间相结合、定性和定量相结合,对各种控矿因素开展多学科、多尺度、多层次、全方位综合研究,是应遵循的基本原则;(5)通过构造-蚀变-矿化网络填图,将蚀变-矿化体与控矿构造的类型、形态、规模、产状和间距等几何学特征联系起来,利用热液裂隙-脉系统和断裂网络拓扑学及矿体三维几何结构分析等定量方法查明控矿构造格架和渗透性结构并揭示矿化变形网络的连通性与成矿潜力;(6)合理构建地质模型,选取合适的热力学参数和动力学边界条件,利用HCh和COMSOL等方法,定量模拟成矿过程中的流体流动、热-质传递、应力变形和化学反应等的时-空变化,是揭示构造-流体耦合成矿机理和定位规律、预测矿化中心和确定找矿目标的有效途径。进而提出了构造控矿理论的研究流程:聚焦构造-流体耦合成矿机制和定位规律这一关键科学问题,选择热液裂隙-脉系统和构造-蚀变-矿化网络为重点研究对象;通过几何学描述、运动学判断、流变学分析、动力学解析和热力学综合,厘定控矿构造格架,定位矿化中心,示踪成矿流体通道和多种矿化样式的增量生长过程及其关键控制,揭示渗透性结构的时-空演变规律及构造再活化与成矿定位的成因关联,建立构造-流体耦合成矿模式,服务新一轮战略找矿突破。以胶东焦家金矿田为例,开展控矿构造理论研究和成矿预测应用实践,证实了其科学性和有效性。

关键词: 热液裂隙-脉系统, 构造-蚀变-矿化网络, 渗透性结构与成矿定位, 流体通道和矿床增量生长, 构造-流体耦合成矿模式

Abstract:

A defining feature of a hydrothermal metallogenic system (HMS) is strong structural control on ore mineralization. A systematic analysis of the geometry, kinematics, thermodynamics, and rheology of multiscale ore control structures is crucial for understanding the genesis of HMSs and for ore prospecting. The main challenges include: transitioning from static to multiscale spatiotemporal analysis of the 4D dynamical system involving ore-control structural frameworks, permeability structures, ore-forming fluid pathways, and mineralization deformation networks; identifying key influencing factors of fluid pathways that control ore deposition; and unraveling the mechanism of structure-fluid coupling control of ore formation and localization. This study presents the theoretical and methodological principles and application for developing structural control models for HMSs in the following aspects. (1) The theoretical core. It states that fluid, not structure, is at the core of a structural control model. Fluid flow and ore formation within a hydrothermal system are influenced by the fault zone architecture and permeability structure, where permeability, in linking fluid flow and fluid pressure variation, is key to understanding ore control structures. (2) Stress and pressure dynamics. It considers that differential stress and fluid pressure difference result in diverse combinations of ore control structures, while differences in regional stress field and host rock strength result in variations in mineralization type. (3) Growth of fluid pathways. It considers that fluid pathways initiate from isolated microfractures within the upstream host rocks of overpressured fluid reservoirs which evolve along the direction of the steepest pressure gradient to form new extended fractures through growth and interconnection. These extended fractures eventually interconnect to form fluid pathways. As ore deposition takes place during brief periods of high fluid flux when repeated fault sliding induces rapid changes in fluid pressure, flow velocity, and stress, rapid pressure release—caused by a disruption of dynamic equilibrium in the fluid system due to fluid pathways growth—is a key factor driving metal precipitation. (4) Integrated research. Methodology involves integrating macro and microscopic examination of ore control structures, integrating geological history and stress analysis, combining local and regional analyses, adopting shallow and deep perspectives, and employing a multidisciplinary, multiscale approach to study various ore-controlling factors. (5) Geological mapping. Methodology involves using structure-alteration-mineralization network mapping to characterize alteration-mineralization rock blocks in terms of geometric parameters for ore control structures (such as type, shape, size, occurrence, spacing), and performing quantitative analyses (such as topological analysis of hydrothermal vein-fracture systems, 3D geometric analysis of ore bodies) to determine ore-control structural frameworks and permeability structures and reveal the connectivity of mineralization deformation networks and their ore-forming potential. (6) Numerical modeling. Methodology involves developing geological models, selecting appropriate thermodynamic parameters and dynamic boundary conditions, and utilizing methods such as HCh and COMSOL to perform quantitative simulation of spatiotemporal variations in fluid flow, heat-mass transfer, stress deformation, and chemical reactions during ore formation. This is an effective approach to unveil the mechanism of ore formation controlled by structure-fluid coupling and ore localization pattern, predict ore-forming centers, and identify mineral exploration targets. Based on the above principles, this paper proposes a research methodology for model building, focusing on deriving metallogenic models and ore deposition patterns based on structure-fluid coupling control. Briefly, hydrothermal veins-fracture systems and structure-alteration-mineralization networks are selected as primary research subjects. Research methods include geometric description, kinematic assessment, rheological/dynamic analyses, and thermodynamic synthesis, seeking to delineate ore-control structural frameworks, identify mineralization centers, trace the developments of ore-forming fluid pathways and various mineralization styles, and reveal the spatiotemporal evolution patterns of permeability structures. Additionally, the causal relationship between tectonic reactivation and ore localization is explored. Finally, a metallogenic model based on structure-fluid coupling is constructed to support strategic mineral exploration. This research methodology was applied for mineral prediction in the Jiaojia gold field, Jiaodong Peninsula; its validity and effectiveness were tested and approved.

Key words: hydrothermal fracture and vein system, structure-alteration-mineralization network, permeability structure and mineralization localization, incremental growth of fluid pathway and ore deposits, a metallogenic model based on structure-fluid coupling

中图分类号:

杨立强, 杨伟, 张良, 高雪, 申世龙, 王偲瑞, 徐瀚涛, 贾晓晨, 邓军. 热液成矿系统构造控矿理论[J]. 地学前缘, 2024, 31(1): 239-266.

YANG Liqiang, YANG Wei, ZHANG Liang, GAO Xue, SHEN Shilong, WANG Sirui, XU Hantao, JIA Xiaochen, DENG Jun. Developing structural control models for hydrothermal metallogenic systems: Theoretical and methodological principles and applications[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 2024, 31(1): 239-266.

图/表 10

图1 胶东区域地质和金矿床分布简图(据文献[23]修改) GJF—郭城—即墨断裂;HSF—海阳—石岛断裂;JJF—焦家断裂;MRF—牟乳断裂;QHF—青岛—海阳断裂;QXF—栖霞断裂;RCF—荣成断裂;SSDF—三山岛断裂;TCF—桃村断裂;WHF—威海断裂;WYF—五莲—烟台断裂;ZPF—招平断裂。

Fig.1 Simplified geological map of the Jiaodong Peninsula showing the distribution of gold deposits. Modified after [23].

图2 胶东金矿集区晚中生代构造应力场演化(据文献[23]修改) a—成矿前(>130 Ma);b—成矿期(约130~110 Ma);c—成矿后(<110 Ma)。

Fig.2 Evolution of the structural stress field in the Jiaodong gold province in late Mesozoic. Modified after [23].

图3 在注入驱动的渗流过程中,受裂隙控制的流体通道生长的概念模型(据文献[70]修改) a—生长始于超压流体储库的上游,并向流体压力梯度最高的方向持续扩展。网络的所有部分(正方形网格上的黑线)都连接到流体储层,总体流向用蓝色箭头表示。b—流体网络(蓝线)的进一步生长,直到流体网络突破到不同流体的边界(在B点),将超压流体网络与流体压力较低的区域分开。c—不同流体边界的突破建立了一条主干通道(红色突出显示),流体沿着该主干通道从超压储库迅速向上排放,进入较低的流体压力区域(蓝色箭头)。连接到主干通道的网络的所有部分都被称为网络的“悬空”组件。突破不同流体边界并沿主干通道液压梯度的突然增大和流体压力的突然下降,可导致网络的“悬空”组件部分的超压流体向主干通道回流(广义回流方向用棕色箭头表示)。流体流动网络可以被认为是一条断裂或多条断裂组成的断裂网络内的流体通道。

Fig.3 A conceptual model of growth of a fluid pathway through inversion percolation under injection driven fracturing. Modified after [70].

图4 断层阀-泵吸-周期性破裂愈合模式(据文献[11,33,70,163]) a—断层阀模式形成的含金石英脉(西澳大利亚St.Ives金矿田的Defiance富石英断层充填脉与空间伴生伸展脉组成的矿脉系统。上部断裂充填脉结构复杂且含角砾岩带,下部断裂充填脉由块状粗粒石英组成)(据文献[70]);b—泵吸模式中的扩容空间(西澳大利亚St. Ives金矿田Revenge金矿逆断层中的扩容空间)(据文献[11]); c—泵吸模式(据文献[33])(张剪断裂带中的含金矿脉发育于呈“雁列”状相邻断面交接部位的扩容空间内;深部流体进入距地表2~3 km的这些区域,使得流体压力迅速下降,引起流体沸腾;沸腾释放的能量进一步引起流体致裂和角砾岩化,从而提高流体循环和成矿程度);d—断层阀模式(据文献[33]);e—周期性破裂愈合模型(据文献[163])(①高角度逆断层形成并活化已存构造,流体聚集于不渗透区以下,使得流体压力不断增加;②流体压力≥上覆静岩压力,流体会通过活化的断裂破碎带快速释放,破裂的发生使高压流体压力瞬时降低,此时成矿流体物理化学条件发生突变,进而导致流体中的成矿物质在裂隙系统发生沉淀,形成石英脉型金矿;③成矿物质的沉淀会促使裂隙发生愈合,进而降低断层带渗透率;④待断裂发生完全愈合后,流体压力可在封闭的断裂带内再次集中,从而重复以上演化过程)。

Fig.4 Modes of structure-fluid coupling. (a) Gold-bearing quartz veins formed by “fault-valve” mode coupling (adapted from [70]). (b) Fracture enlargement due to “suction-pump” mode coupling (adapted from [11]). (c) “Suction-pump” mode (adapted from [33]). (d) “Fault-valve” mode (adapted from [33]). (e) “Periodic crack-seal” mode (adapted from [163]).

图5 胶东金矿省中-新生代热-构造事件图谱(据文献[185⇓-187]修改)

Fig.5 Mesozoic-Cenozoic thermotectonic events in the Jiaodong gold province. Modified after [185⇓-187].

图6 节点(a)和分支(b)拓扑结构特征三端员图(据文献[228,232]修改) 断裂网络中的拓扑结构由节点和分支两个参数组成,节点可以分为独立节点(I)和连接节点(C);由于连接方式不同,连接节点(C)又可以分为Y节点(斜交或派生)和X节点(共轭交叉)。I节点不连接任何断裂分支,而Y和X节点分别连接3条和4条分支。因此,根据不同节点的连接方式,将断裂分支分为3类:两个独立节点连接的I-I分支,一个独立节点和一个连接节点连接的I-C分支,两个连接节点连接的C-C分支。

Fig.6 Topographic analysis of fault network. (a) Three-terminal graph of nodes (modified from [228]). (b) Three-terminal graph of splay (modified from [232]).

图7 不同构造体制下形成的韧脆性剪切带、裂隙和脉的结构型式(a),归一化为T(抗张强度)的莫尔圆展示不同破裂模式的条件(b),右行单剪的Radial破裂模式(c)和剪切带Radial破裂网络中各种可能的容矿(含矿石英脉)空间(d)(a据文献[239]修改;b据文献[239⇓-241]修改;c和d据文献[242-243]修改) b图中:当差应力小于4T时,有利的应力条件将导致发生伸展破裂;差应力大于5.66T时,发生压剪破裂;差应力在4T和5.66T之间,将发育张剪破裂。c和d图中:T为沿应变椭球XZ面形成的张裂隙,R为同向低角度Reidel剪切裂隙,S为叶理,R’为反向高角度Reidel剪切裂隙,D为主剪切裂隙(与剪切带边界平行),f为褶轴面,P为P型剪切裂隙;φ为内摩擦角。

Fig.7 Fluid pathway analysis. (a) Structural patterns of ductile and brittle shear zones, fractures and veins formed under different structural systems (modified from [239]). (b) Generic Mohr diagram normalized to T (tensile strength) to show the different failure mode conditions (modified from [239⇓-241]). (c) Radial failure mode of dextral single shear (modified from [242-243]). (d) Possible ore-bearing vein spaces in Radial fracture network of shear zones (modified from [242-243]).

图8 热液成矿系统构造控矿理论研究流程

Fig.8 Research methodology flowchart for developing structural control models for hydrothermal metallogenic systems

图9 焦家金矿田应力变化分布(a)和虚线圈出的28个高渗透率区域(b)(据文献[266])

Fig.9 Distribution of Coulomb stress changes in the Jiaojia gold field (a) and 28 high permeability areas (outlined by dotted lines) (b). Adapted from [266].

图10 焦家金矿田各金矿床已探明金金属量和库仑破裂应力变化极值的相关性(据文献[266])

Fig.10 Relationship between known gold tonnage and extremum of Coulomb stress change in gold deposits in the Jiaojia gold field. Adapted from [266].

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热液成矿系统构造控矿理论

Developing structural control models for hydrothermal metallogenic systems: Theoretical and methodological principles and applications

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