中全新世以来西南极阿蒙森海沉积物来源和古气候意义

doi:10.13745/j.esf.sf.2022.1.7

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

对西南极阿蒙森海A11-02孔沉积物进行粒度和地球化学元素分析,示踪了阿蒙森海沉积物来源,重建了中全新世以来的古气候演化历史。通过对稀土元素北美页岩平均标准化配分曲线以及(La/Yb)_N、(Gd/Lu)_N、(La/Sm)_N等参数的分析和对比,认为A11-02孔沉积物主要来源于玛丽伯德地,而别林斯高晋海也有一定贡献。通过将化学蚀变指数、Na/K、<22.1 μm粒级组分含量以及>63 μm粒级组分含量等相关替代指标与其他古气候记录对比,识别出中全新世以来在阿蒙森海存在4个明显的寒冷阶段(P1-P4)。在时间和空间上,南极地区千年尺度的气候变化具有一致性,主要受日照强度变化和大气环流变化控制。

关键词: 阿蒙森海, 粒度, 地球化学元素, 物源, 古气候

Abstract:

Grain size and geochemical analyses were carried out on sediment core samples from core A11-02 in the Amundsen Sea, West Antarctic to trace the sediment sources and reconstruct the history of paleoclimatic evolution since the mid-Holocene. By analyzing and comparing the North American Shale Composite normalized rare earth element (REE) patterns and indicators such as (La/Yb)_N, (Gd/Lu)_N and (La/Sm)_N, we concluded that the core sediments mainly originate from the Marie Byrd Land, with contributions, to some extent, from the Bellingshausen Sea. By multi-index analysis comparing the Chemical Index of Alteration, Na/K ratio and grain contents for grain sizes less than 22.1 μm or greater than 63 μm with other paleoclimate records, we identified four distinct cooling phases in the Amundsen Sea since the mid-Holocene. We found the millennial-scale climate changes are temporally and spatially consistent across the Antarctic and mainly controlled by changes in insolation and atmospheric circulation.

Key words: Amundsen Sea, grain size, geochemical elements, sediment provenance, paleoclimate

中图分类号:

雷子炎, 葛倩, 陈东, 张泳聪, 韩喜彬, 叶黎明, 边叶萍, 许冬. 中全新世以来西南极阿蒙森海沉积物来源和古气候意义[J]. 地学前缘, 2022, 29(4): 179-190.

LEI Ziyan, GE Qian, CHEN Dong, ZHANG Yongcong, HAN Xibin, YE Liming, BIAN Yeping, XU Dong. Provenance of sediments in the Amundsen Sea, West Antarctic since the mid-Holocene and paleoclimate reconstruction[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 2022, 29(4): 179-190.

图/表 12

图1 A11-02、A11-04和ANA08B/33站位及洋流图(修改自文献[9],左图示阿蒙森海(Amundsen Sea,AS)、别林斯高晋海(Bellingshausen Sea,BS)、松岛海槽(Pine Island Trough,PIT)、多特森冰架(Dotson Ice Shelf,DIS)、南极绕极流(Antarctic Circumpolar Current,ACC)、冰下融水(Glacial Meltwater,GM)、绕极深水(Circumpolar Deep Water,CDW)、沿岸流(Costal Current,CC),右图红框范围、红星和黄星分别代表了研究区、罗斯海(Ross Sea,RS)和南极半岛(Antarctic Peninsula,AP))

Fig.1 Left: locations of cores A11-02, A11-04 and ANA08B/33 in the study area; Right: ocean current map and locations of the study area (red rectangle), the Ross Sea (red star) and the Antarctic Peninsula Sea (yellow star). Modified after [9].

表1 A11-02沉积物测年结果及沉积速率

Table 1 Dating results and deposition rates for sediments from core A11-02

深度/ cm	AMS ¹⁴C 年龄/a	日历年龄范围 (1σ)/Cal a BP	碳储库年龄/a	日历年龄/ Cal a BP	沉积速率/ (cm·ka^-1)
0~1	4 120±30	2 731~3 003	900	0
15~16	4 590±30	3 303~3 592	900	568	28.2
20~21	5 780±30	4 823~5 132	900	2 106	3.9
30~31	7 980±30	7 269~7 496	900	4 509	4.6

图2 A11-02沉积物粒度参数变化

Fig.2 Temporal variations of grain size parameters for sediments from core A11-02

表2 A11-02孔沉积物元素含量

Table 2 Sediment geochemical data for core A11-02

参数	平均值	范围	参数	平均值	范围
氧化物含量/%			稀土元素含量/10^-6
Al₂O₃	15.18	13.97~15.76	ΣREE	238.31	191.77~201.37
Fe₂O₃	6.67	5.05~7.46	ΣLREE	217.54	170.95~190.35
K₂O	3.14	2.84~3.32	ΣHREE	20.87	19.42~20.03
MgO	2.62	2.04~2.75	ΣLREE/ΣHREE	9.51	8.21~10.47
TiO₂	0.90	0.80~0.94	δCe	0.63	0.62~0.66
CaO	1.61	1.52~1.91	δEu	1.07	1.01~1.08
P₂O₅	0.18	0.17~0.22
MnO	0.11	0.07~0.30
Na₂O	3.65	3.44~3.82

表3 稀土元素相关性分析

Table 3 Correlation matrix for rare earth elements

参数	各参数间相关系数
参数	ΣREE含量	ΣLREE/ΣHREE	δCe	δEu	(TFe₂O₃+MnO)/Al₂O₃	CIA	Mz	(La/Yb)_N	(Gd/Yb)_N
ΣREE含量	1.00
ΣLREE/ΣHREE	0.79	1.00
δCe	0.15	0.57	1.00
δEu	-0.40	-0.65	-0.71	1.00
(TFe₂O₃+MnO)/Al₂O₃	-0.09	0.43	0.86	-0.66	1.00
CIA	0.58	0.66	0.69	-0.60	0.40	1.00
Mz	-0.39	-0.73	-0.87	0.82	-0.79	-0.67	1.00
(La/Yb)_N	0.84	0.95	0.32	-0.52	0.21	0.50	-0.55	1.00
(Gd/Yb)_N	0.50	0.70	0.46	-0.49	0.31	0.48	-0.55	0.73	1.00

图3 A11-02孔沉积物与阿蒙森海(AS)[9]、别林斯高晋海(BS)[9]、罗斯海(RS)[22-23]、罗斯岛(RSI)[24]和南极半岛(AP)[25⇓⇓-28]等地样品REE的NASC标准化分布型式样号中上标a代表沉积物,上标b代表火山岩,上标c代表自生矿物。

Fig.3 NASC-normalized REE distribution patterns for sediment (a), volcanic rock (b) or authigenic mineral (c) samples from core A11-02 (this study) and other sites within the study area (adapted from [9,22⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓-28])

图4 REE分异参数源区判别图显示A11-02孔沉积物与阿蒙森海(AS)[9]、别林斯高晋海(BS)[9]、罗斯海(RS)[22-23]、罗斯岛(RSI)[24]和南极半岛(AP)[25⇓⇓-28]等地样品的REE分异参数对比样号中上标a代表沉积物,上标b代表火山岩,上标c代表自生矿物。

Fig.4 Discrimination diagrams for determination of provenances of sediment (a), volcanic rock (b) or authigenic mineral (c) samples from core A11-02 (this study) and other sites within the study area (adapted from [9,22⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓-28])

表4 A11-02孔沉积物主、微量元素及各粒级组分相关性矩阵

Table 4 Correlation matrix for major and minor elements and particle size classes in sediments from core A11-02

组分	各元素、粒级组分间载荷
组分	Al₂O₃	Fe₂O₃	K₂O	MgO	TiO₂	CaO	P₂O₅	MnO	Na₂O	Mo	Ni	Co	Sr	黏土	粉砂	砂
Al₂O₃	1.00
Fe₂O₃	0.43	1.00
K₂O	0.88	0.34	1.00
MgO	0.66	0.92	0.50	1.00
TiO₂	0.75	0.74	0.51	0.93	1.00
CaO	-0.55	-0.87	-0.35	-0.92	-0.86	1.00
P₂O₅	-0.25	0.25	-0.41	0.23	0.15	-0.07	1.00
MnO	-0.12	0.35	-0.33	0.38	0.32	-0.25	0.91	1.00
Na₂O	0.46	0.57	0.44	0.65	0.53	-0.43	0.30	0.34	1.00
Mo	-0.18	0.22	-0.37	0.26	0.23	-0.13	0.90	0.99	0.26	1.00
Ni	0.09	0.57	-0.13	0.65	0.59	-0.53	0.80	0.94	0.48	0.89	1.00
Co	-0.13	0.43	-0.39	0.45	0.38	-0.36	0.91	0.97	0.35	0.93	0.95	1.00
Sr	-0.53	-0.93	-0.40	-0.95	-0.85	0.93	-0.23	-0.36	-0.52	-0.25	-0.61	-0.44	1.00
黏土	0.47	0.82	0.26	0.90	0.85	-0.88	0.34	0.51	0.51	0.40	0.74	0.59	-0.88	1.00
粉砂	0.29	0.59	0.13	0.65	0.62	-0.61	0.29	0.44	0.36	0.35	0.62	0.50	-0.63	0.82	1.00
砂	-0.43	-0.78	-0.23	-0.86	-0.81	0.83	-0.34	-0.51	-0.48	-0.41	-0.73	-0.58	0.84	-0.99	-0.91	1.00

表5 A11-02孔沉积物R型因子分析结果

Table 5 R-type factor analysis of sediments from core A11-02

组分	各因子载荷			组分	各因子载荷
组分	F1	F2	F3	组分	F1	F2	F3
Al₂O₃	0.41	-0.25	0.80	Na₂O	0.27	0.35	0.73
Fe₂O₃	0.82	0.18	0.30	Mo	0.12	0.96	-0.04
K₂O	0.23	-0.41	0.83	Ni	0.51	0.84	0.10
MgO	0.83	0.20	0.49	Co	0.35	0.92	-0.08
TiO₂	0.78	0.14	0.50	Sr	-0.88	-0.17	-0.32
CaO	-0.92	-0.03	-0.24	黏土	0.91	0.31	0.20
P₂O₅	0.07	0.95	-0.05	粉砂	0.80	0.26	-0.02
MnO	0.24	0.96	-0.02	砂	-0.91	-0.31	-0.14

表6 CaO*与各粒级组分的相关性

Table 6 Correlation coefficients between CaO* (i.e., CaO in silicate minerals only) and particle size classes

组分	各粒级组分载荷
组分	Mz	黏土	粉砂	砂
CaO^*	0.268	0.256	0.138	0.231

图5 A11-02孔沉积物粒径-标准偏差

Fig.5 Plot of standard deviation vs. mean grain size of particle size fractions for sediments from core A11-02

图6 气候变化阶段与可能机制示意图 a,b,c,d分别是A11-02孔的CIA、Na/K、<22.1 μm粒级组分含量、>63 μm粒级组分含量的变化;e是西南极冰芯WDC06A-7的δ18O记录[56];f是72°S年平均和夏季(十二月)日照强度曲线[57]。

Fig.6 Temporal profiles of climate proxies corresponding to potential climate mechanisms. (a) CIA. (b) Na/K. (c) Grain content (< 22.1 μm). (d) Grain content (> 63 μm). (e) δ18O in West Antarctic ice core WDC06A-7 (adapted from [56]). (f) Mean annual and summer (December) insolation at 72°S (adapted from [57]).

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