Application of biomarkers in reconstructing marine and lacustrine paleoecosystems and paleoproductivity: A review

doi:10.13745/j.esf.sf.2021.10.35

Abstract

Abstract:

Oceans and lakes have profound regulatory effects on climate, environment and ecosystems. Understanding the composition, structure and evolution of marine and lake biomes of ecosystems in different geological periods can provide a scientific basis for solving the current environmental problems and assessing sustainable development. Biomarkers enable us to study the evolution of various organisms at the molecular level due to their biological specificity. This paper summarizes the characteristics and sources of biomarkers (alkanes, acids, alcohols, ketones, esters, steroids, hopanoids, terpenes and glycerol tetraethers, etc.) in marine and lacustrine ecosystems. Biomarkers derived from terrestrial higher plants include long-chain alkanes, fatty acids, fatty alcohols, lignin, terpenes, etc., while derived from aquatic microalgae they include long-chain alkenones, alkyl diols, highly-branched isoprenoids (HBIs), etc. Biomarkers of microbial origin include bacteriohopanepolyols (BHPs), heterocyst glycolipids, branched alkanes, etc. In the future, biomarker analysis using compound-specific isotopes, combined with modern molecular biology studies, such as genomics and proteomics, ecological research on biological species corresponding to different biomarkers, and studying ancient and modern ecology jointly can provide a new feasible way for researching the molecular sources for certain biomarkers. This paper also rivews the application of biomarker indices in reconstructing the composition, structure, productivity and nutritional status of marine and lake ecosystems. Future research tends to shift from qualitative to quantitative reconstruction. More and more mature indices applied in oceans will be used in lacustrine environment. In addition, the combination of multiple indices will improve the reliability of reconstructing paleoecosystem.

Key words: biomarkers, paleoecology, paleoproductivity, ocean, lake

CLC Number:

LING Yuan, WANG Yong, WANG Shuxian, SUN Qing, LI Haibing. Application of biomarkers in reconstructing marine and lacustrine paleoecosystems and paleoproductivity: A review[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 2022, 29(2): 327-342.

Figures/Tables 1

References 173

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生物标志物类别	名称	生物指示	参考文献
烷烃、脂肪酸和脂肪醇	长链正构烷烃(nC₂₇~ nC₃₃)、脂肪酸(nC₂₆~ nC₃₂)和脂肪醇(nC₂₆~ nC₃₂)	陆生高等植物、挺水植物	[13-15]
	中链正构烷烃(nC₂₁~ nC₂₅)、脂肪酸(nC₂₀~ nC₂₄)和脂肪醇(nC₂₀~ nC₂₄)	沉水植物、浮水植物	[14,43-45]
	短链正构烷烃(nC₁₅~ nC₁₉)、脂肪酸(nC₁₄~ nC₁₈)和脂肪醇(nC₁₄~ nC₁₈)	菌类、藻类	[14,46-47]
	梯烷(ladderane)	厌氧氨氧化细菌	[48-49]
	2,6,10,15,19-五甲基二十烷(pentamethyleicosane)	甲烷古菌	[50]
	长链ω羟基脂肪酸	陆生植物大分子(角质、木栓质)	[24]
	短链羟基脂肪酸	浮游植物、细菌、微藻	[24]
	多不饱和脂肪酸(C₂₀~ C₂₂)	甲藻、硅藻、无脊椎动物	[51]
	单不饱和脂肪酸、脂肪醇(C₂₀~ C₂₂)	桡足类、食草动物、浮游植物、细菌	[51-53]
萜类	三萜类(triterpenoids)	被子植物	[31,34]
萜类	二萜类(diterpenoids)	裸子植物	[31,34]
酮类	长链烯酮(long chain alkenones)	定鞭藻	[44,54-56]
甾类	谷甾醇(sitosterol)	维管植物、鸟粪	[26]
	豆甾醇(stigmasterol)	维管植物	[26]
	菜籽甾醇(brassicasterol)	硅藻	[57-59]
	甲藻甾醇(dinosterol)	甲藻	[36,59]
	岩藻甾醇(fucosterol)	硅藻、鸟粪	[26,36]
	海绵甾醇(chalinasterol)	硅藻	[25]
	硅藻甾醇(diatomsterol)	硅藻	[10]
	降甾烷(norsterane)	海绵动物	[33]
	胆甾醇(cholesterol)	脊椎动物、硅藻、鸟粪	[25-26,60]
	粪甾醇(coprostanol)	人类(粪便)	[26,60-61]
醇类	四膜虫醇(tetrahymanol)	细菌纤毛虫、厌氧紫细菌、蕨类	[36,62]
醇类	长链烷基二醇(long-chain alkyl diols, LCDs)	黄绿藻、蓝细菌、硅藻、真眼点藻	[63-66]
色素	叶绿素a(chlorophyll a)	浮游植物、光合藻类(原绿藻除外)	[67-68]
	叶黄素(lutein)	绿藻、裸藻、高等植物	[10,67]
	β, α-胡萝卜素(β, α-carotene)	隐生植物、金藻、甲藻、绿藻	[10,69]
	奥克酮(okenone)	紫硫细菌	[70-71]
	异海绵烯(isorenieratene)	绿硫细菌	[72-73]
细菌藿烷多元醇(BHPs)	腺苷藿烷(adenosylhopane)	固氮细菌、氨氧化细菌	[74]
	2-甲基(2-methylated)BHPs	蓝细菌、甲基营养菌、固氮细菌、紫色非硫细菌	[75-76]
	3-甲基(3-methylated)BHPs	甲烷氧化菌	[77]
	氨基藿戊醇(aminopentol)、氨基藿四醇(aminotetrol)、氨基藿三醇(aminotriol)	甲烷氧化菌、硫还原菌	[74,78-79]
甘油四醚类脂物(GDGTs)	类异戊二烯GDGTs	奇古菌、广古菌	[80-81]
甘油四醚类脂物(GDGTs)	支链GDGTs	酸杆菌	[82-83]
类异戊二烯类	短链(≤C20)无环类类异戊二烯:姥鲛烷(pristane)和植烷(phytane)	叶绿素、生育酚、产甲烷菌、嗜盐菌	[71,84-87]
	短链(C₁₅)无环类类异戊二烯:法尼烷(farnesane)	叶绿素、古菌、绿硫细菌	[71]
	中链(C₂₁~C₂₅)无环类异戊二烯	嗜盐古菌、嗜碱菌	[88-89]
	高度支链类异戊二烯类(highly-branched isoprenoids, HBIs)	硅藻	[10,20,25,58]
酯类	黑麦草内酯(loliolide)	硅藻	[36]
酯类	异黑麦草内酯(isololiolide)	硅藻	[36]
糖脂类	异形胞糖脂(heterocystous glycolipids)	固氮蓝细菌	[76,90-92]

生物标志物类别	名称	生物指示	参考文献
烷烃、脂肪酸和脂肪醇	长链正构烷烃(nC₂₇~ nC₃₃)、脂肪酸(nC₂₆~ nC₃₂)和脂肪醇(nC₂₆~ nC₃₂)	陆生高等植物、挺水植物	[13-15]
	中链正构烷烃(nC₂₁~ nC₂₅)、脂肪酸(nC₂₀~ nC₂₄)和脂肪醇(nC₂₀~ nC₂₄)	沉水植物、浮水植物	[14,43-45]
	短链正构烷烃(nC₁₅~ nC₁₉)、脂肪酸(nC₁₄~ nC₁₈)和脂肪醇(nC₁₄~ nC₁₈)	菌类、藻类	[14,46-47]
	梯烷(ladderane)	厌氧氨氧化细菌	[48-49]
	2,6,10,15,19-五甲基二十烷(pentamethyleicosane)	甲烷古菌	[50]
	长链ω羟基脂肪酸	陆生植物大分子(角质、木栓质)	[24]
	短链羟基脂肪酸	浮游植物、细菌、微藻	[24]
	多不饱和脂肪酸(C₂₀~ C₂₂)	甲藻、硅藻、无脊椎动物	[51]
	单不饱和脂肪酸、脂肪醇(C₂₀~ C₂₂)	桡足类、食草动物、浮游植物、细菌	[51-53]
萜类	三萜类(triterpenoids)	被子植物	[31,34]
萜类	二萜类(diterpenoids)	裸子植物	[31,34]
酮类	长链烯酮(long chain alkenones)	定鞭藻	[44,54-56]
甾类	谷甾醇(sitosterol)	维管植物、鸟粪	[26]
	豆甾醇(stigmasterol)	维管植物	[26]
	菜籽甾醇(brassicasterol)	硅藻	[57-59]
	甲藻甾醇(dinosterol)	甲藻	[36,59]
	岩藻甾醇(fucosterol)	硅藻、鸟粪	[26,36]
	海绵甾醇(chalinasterol)	硅藻	[25]
	硅藻甾醇(diatomsterol)	硅藻	[10]
	降甾烷(norsterane)	海绵动物	[33]
	胆甾醇(cholesterol)	脊椎动物、硅藻、鸟粪	[25-26,60]
	粪甾醇(coprostanol)	人类(粪便)	[26,60-61]
醇类	四膜虫醇(tetrahymanol)	细菌纤毛虫、厌氧紫细菌、蕨类	[36,62]
醇类	长链烷基二醇(long-chain alkyl diols, LCDs)	黄绿藻、蓝细菌、硅藻、真眼点藻	[63-66]
色素	叶绿素a(chlorophyll a)	浮游植物、光合藻类(原绿藻除外)	[67-68]
	叶黄素(lutein)	绿藻、裸藻、高等植物	[10,67]
	β, α-胡萝卜素(β, α-carotene)	隐生植物、金藻、甲藻、绿藻	[10,69]
	奥克酮(okenone)	紫硫细菌	[70-71]
	异海绵烯(isorenieratene)	绿硫细菌	[72-73]
细菌藿烷多元醇(BHPs)	腺苷藿烷(adenosylhopane)	固氮细菌、氨氧化细菌	[74]
	2-甲基(2-methylated)BHPs	蓝细菌、甲基营养菌、固氮细菌、紫色非硫细菌	[75-76]
	3-甲基(3-methylated)BHPs	甲烷氧化菌	[77]
	氨基藿戊醇(aminopentol)、氨基藿四醇(aminotetrol)、氨基藿三醇(aminotriol)	甲烷氧化菌、硫还原菌	[74,78-79]
甘油四醚类脂物(GDGTs)	类异戊二烯GDGTs	奇古菌、广古菌	[80-81]
甘油四醚类脂物(GDGTs)	支链GDGTs	酸杆菌	[82-83]
类异戊二烯类	短链(≤C20)无环类类异戊二烯:姥鲛烷(pristane)和植烷(phytane)	叶绿素、生育酚、产甲烷菌、嗜盐菌	[71,84-87]
	短链(C₁₅)无环类类异戊二烯:法尼烷(farnesane)	叶绿素、古菌、绿硫细菌	[71]
	中链(C₂₁~C₂₅)无环类异戊二烯	嗜盐古菌、嗜碱菌	[88-89]
	高度支链类异戊二烯类(highly-branched isoprenoids, HBIs)	硅藻	[10,20,25,58]
酯类	黑麦草内酯(loliolide)	硅藻	[36]
酯类	异黑麦草内酯(isololiolide)	硅藻	[36]
糖脂类	异形胞糖脂(heterocystous glycolipids)	固氮蓝细菌	[76,90-92]