Assessments of heavy metal pollution in soils of the southwestern Xiong’an District and its ecological risk

doi:10.13745/j.esf.sf.2020.7.1

Abstract

Abstract:

Heavy metal pollution in soil is tremendously hazardous and poses great risks to the ecosystem. In this study, we focus on the topsoils and staple crops, wheat and maize, in southwestern Xiong’an District. We assessed the heavy metal pollution in soil and its ecological risks based on the metal concentration analysis of eight heavy metals, As, Ni, Cu, Cr, Pb, Hg, Cd and Zn. The results show that the concentration of heavy metals in the topsoils of certain areas exceeded the standard value. The degrees of heavy metal pollution were Cd>As>Cu>Zn>Pb>Hg, while Cr and Ni were below the hazardous level for clean soil environment. The heavy metal pollution in topsoils of the area is caused by human activity. Numerous nonferrous metal smelting activities in Laohetou Township and adjacent area might be the major pollutant source. The degrees of potential ecological risk of the eight heavy metals were Cd>Hg>As>Cu>Pb>Zn>Cr>Ni. The average value of polymetallic potential ecological risk index (RI) was 252, indicating an intermediate risk level of overall potential hazard from heavy metals. Among the eight heavy metals, Cd contributed the most to RI, for it has the strongest chemical activity and strong migration ability and is easily absorbed by plants. These results would provide an important basis for the land use planning in Xiong’an District.

Key words: Xiong’an, soil, heavy metals, pollution, assessment, ecological risks

CLC Number:

X53
X826

ZHANG Surong, WANG Changyu, LIU Jihong, XING Yi, LIU Qingxue, YANG Junquan, HE Fuqing. Assessments of heavy metal pollution in soils of the southwestern Xiong’an District and its ecological risk[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 2021, 28(4): 238-249.

Figures/Tables 16

Fig.1 Distribution of sampling sites in study area

Table 1 Pollution grading standard according to heavy metal potential ecological risk index

单一金属潜在生态风险因子	多金属潜在生态风险指数	生态危害程度
$E r i$ <40	RI<150	轻微 (Ⅰ)
40≤ $E r i$ <80	150≤RI<300	中等 (Ⅱ)
80≤ $E r i$ <160	300≤RI<600	强 (Ⅲ)
160≤ $E r i$ <320	RI≥600	很强 (Ⅳ)
$E r i$ ≥320		极强 (Ⅴ)

Table 1 Pollution grading standard according to heavy metal potential ecological risk index

单一金属潜在生态风险因子	多金属潜在生态风险指数	生态危害程度
$E r i$ <40	RI<150	轻微 (Ⅰ)
40≤ $E r i$ <80	150≤RI<300	中等 (Ⅱ)
80≤ $E r i$ <160	300≤RI<600	强 (Ⅲ)
160≤ $E r i$ <320	RI≥600	很强 (Ⅳ)
$E r i$ ≥320		极强 (Ⅴ)

Table 2 Parameter statistics for heavy metals in soils

重金属元素	最大值/ (mg·kg^-1)	最小值/ (mg·kg^-1)	算术平均值/ (mg·kg^-1)	标准差/ (mg·kg^-1)	变异系数/ %	冀中平原背景值/ (mg·kg^-1)	中国土壤背景值/ (mg·kg^-1)	土壤污染风险筛选值^[30]/ (mg·kg^-1)
Cd	20.9	0.088	0.684	0.956	139.9	0.152	0.097	0.6
Pb	2 364	16.2	53.6	73.4	137.0	22.5	26	170
As	422	5.26	19.51	16.87	86.5	10.05	11.2	20
Hg	1.175	0.010 5	0.058 2	0.047	80.8	0.039	0.065	1
Ni	58.5	19.7	39.8	5.9	14.8	28.3	26.9	190
Cu	2 664	14.6	66.2	90.4	136.6	23.1	22.6	100
Zn	2 647	48.8	145	125.8	86.8	70.1	74.2	300
Cr	144	48.1	80.7	10.4	12.8	65.5	61	250

Table 3 Parameter statistics for heavy metal concentrations in wheat and maize seeds

重金属	小麦在N=35情况的相关参数					玉米在N=40情况的相关参数								食品中污染物限量/ (mg·kg^-1)		小麦绿色食品标准/ (mg·kg^-1)
重金属	最大值/ (mg·kg^-1)	最小值/ (mg·kg^-1)	算术平均值/ (mg·kg^-1)	变异系数/%		最大值/ (mg·kg^-1)		最小值/ (mg·kg^-1)		算术平均值/ (mg·kg^-1)		变异系数/%		食品中污染物限量/ (mg·kg^-1)		小麦绿色食品标准/ (mg·kg^-1)
Cr	0.25	0.12	0.178	17.18	0.15		0.068		0.111		18.63		1.0^a
Ni	0.25	0.1	0.17	23.70	0.34		0.13		0.22		24.13
Cu	7.07	4.58	5.77	11.88	2.66		0.92		1.44		23.35
Zn	57.2	23.70	36.55	24.72	31.6		13.50		21.49		16.30
As	0.4	0.023	0.102	73.88	0.042		0.018		0.026		21.23		0.5^a		0.5^b
Cd	0.18	0.016	0.047	78.83	0.069		0.017		0.030		42.60		0.1^a		0.1^b
Hg	0.23	0.025	0.070	62.84	0.012		0.002 6		0.005 1		43.80		0.02^a
Pb	0.002 3	0.001 1	0.001 6	22.20	0.001 7		0.001		0.001 3		13.86		0.2^a		0.2^b

Table 4 Statistics of heavy metal pollution grades assessed by single factor contamination index

元素	样品数量	污染指数超标率/%
元素	样品数量	清洁	轻微污染	轻度污染	中度污染	重度污染
Cr	1 443	100
Ni	1 443	100
Cu	1 443	88.08	9.22	1.73	0.55	0.42
Zn	1 443	94.94	4.23	0.35	0.28	0.21
Cd	1 443	62.79	27.10	5.61	3.40	1.11
Pb	1 443	97.85	1.80	0.14	0.14	0.07
As	1 443	67.50	29.73	1.46	0.83	0.49
Hg	1 443	99.93	0.07

Table 5 Statistics of heavy metal pollution in arable soils

土壤及重金属	各种情况下的污染面积及占比
	清洁		轻微污染		轻度污染		中度污染		重度污染
	面积/hm²	比例/%	面积/hm²	比例/%	面积/hm²	比例/%	面积/hm²	比例/%	面积/hm²	比例/%
土壤综合	6 702.66	59.59	3 568.00	31.72	628.67	5.59	275.33	2.45	74.00	0.66
锌	10 961.99	97.45	275.33	2.45	5.33	0.05	6.00	0.05
铜	10 315.32	91.70	816.00	7.25	106.67	0.95	8.67	0.08	2.00	0.02
砷	7 872.00	69.98	3 162.66	28.12	92.67	0.82	73.33	0.65	48.00	0.43
镉	7 562.66	67.23	2 843.33	25.28	582.00	5.17	214.00	1.90	46.67	0.41

Table 6 Statistics of heavy metal concentrations in slags

重金属元素	最小值/ (mg·kg^-1)	最大值/ (mg·kg^-1)	算术平均值/ (mg·kg^-1)	标准差/ (mg·kg^-1)	变异系数/ %	土壤污染风险筛选值^[30]/ (mg·kg^-1)	与筛选值的比值
Cr	22.7	2 455	518	687	133	350	1.48
Ni	7.39	1 416	254	362	142	60	4.23
Cu	0.01	6.51	1.61	1.92	120	100	0.02
Zn	0.01	12.68	1.7	3.25	192	300	0.01
Cd	0.24	32.5	10.85	10.41	96	0.6	18.08
Pb	0.02	0.66	0.22	0.2	90	350	0.001
As	3.1	940	112	244	217	20	5.62
Hg	4.25	3 750	628	1 171	187	1 000	0.63

Fig.2 Comprehensive assessment of soil environmental quality

Table 7 Results of principal component analysis

项目	特征值	贡献率/ %	累计贡献率/%	因子载荷
项目	特征值	贡献率/ %	累计贡献率/%	Cr	Ni	Cu	Zn	Cd	Pb	As	Hg
第一主成分	3.442	43.03	43.03	0.114	0.09	0.127	0.528	0.657	0.039	0.847	0.861
第二主成分	1.785	22.32	65.34	0.052	0.075	0.839	0.698	0.58	0.737	-0.006	0.238
第三主成分	1.057	13.21	78.55	0.97	0.973	0.021	0.024	0.077	0.085	0.196	0.015

Table 8 $E_r^i$ statistical analysis of heavy metals in soil samples

重金属	$E r i$ 值范围	$E r i$ 平均值	标准差	变异系数/ %	轻微危害比例/%	中等危害比例/%	强危害比例/%	很强危害比例/%	极强危害比例/%
Cd	17~4 125	135	190	141.0	6.03	36.66	34.51	16.98	5.82
Pb	4~525	12	16	138.2	98.06	1.66	0.21		0.07
As	5~420	19	17	87.2	97.23	2.08	0.42	0.21	0.07
Hg	11~1 205	59	48	80.5	23.22	63.83	10.88	1.52	0.55
Ni	3~10	7	1	14.8	10
Cu	3~577	14	20	137.4	96.74	2.43	0.62	0.14	0.07
Zn	1~38	2	2	86.6	10
Cr	1~4	2	0.3	12.8	10

Table 8 $E_r^i$ statistical analysis of heavy metals in soil samples

重金属	$E r i$ 值范围	$E r i$ 平均值	标准差	变异系数/ %	轻微危害比例/%	中等危害比例/%	强危害比例/%	很强危害比例/%	极强危害比例/%
Cd	17~4 125	135	190	141.0	6.03	36.66	34.51	16.98	5.82
Pb	4~525	12	16	138.2	98.06	1.66	0.21		0.07
As	5~420	19	17	87.2	97.23	2.08	0.42	0.21	0.07
Hg	11~1 205	59	48	80.5	23.22	63.83	10.88	1.52	0.55
Ni	3~10	7	1	14.8	10
Cu	3~577	14	20	137.4	96.74	2.43	0.62	0.14	0.07
Zn	1~38	2	2	86.6	10
Cr	1~4	2	0.3	12.8	10

Fig.3 RI assessment results of heavy metal pollution in soil

Fig.4 Distribution of ecological risk factors for heavy metal Cd in soil

Fig.5 Results of risk index (RI) assessment for heavy metals in soil

Fig.6 Accumulation of smelting slags around villages in the study area

Fig.7 Distribution of heavy metal chemical forms in soil of the study area

Fig.8 Relationship between soil Cd content at ion exchange state and total Cd content

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