Earth Science Frontiers ›› 2021, Vol. 28 ›› Issue (4): 238-249.DOI: 10.13745/j.esf.sf.2020.7.1
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ZHANG Surong1,2(), WANG Changyu1,2, LIU Jihong1,2, XING Yi1,2, LIU Qingxue3, YANG Junquan1,2, HE Fuqing1,2
Received:
2019-07-24
Revised:
2020-03-22
Online:
2021-07-25
Published:
2021-07-25
CLC Number:
ZHANG Surong, WANG Changyu, LIU Jihong, XING Yi, LIU Qingxue, YANG Junquan, HE Fuqing. Assessments of heavy metal pollution in soils of the southwestern Xiong’an District and its ecological risk[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 2021, 28(4): 238-249.
单一金属潜在 生态风险因子 | 多金属潜在 生态风险指数 | 生态危害程度 |
---|---|---|
| RI<150 | 轻微 (Ⅰ) |
40≤ | 150≤RI<300 | 中等 (Ⅱ) |
80≤ | 300≤RI<600 | 强 (Ⅲ) |
160≤ | RI≥600 | 很强 (Ⅳ) |
| 极强 (Ⅴ) |
Table 1 Pollution grading standard according to heavy metal potential ecological risk index
单一金属潜在 生态风险因子 | 多金属潜在 生态风险指数 | 生态危害程度 |
---|---|---|
| RI<150 | 轻微 (Ⅰ) |
40≤ | 150≤RI<300 | 中等 (Ⅱ) |
80≤ | 300≤RI<600 | 强 (Ⅲ) |
160≤ | RI≥600 | 很强 (Ⅳ) |
| 极强 (Ⅴ) |
重金属 元素 | 最大值/ (mg·kg-1) | 最小值/ (mg·kg-1) | 算术平均值/ (mg·kg-1) | 标准差/ (mg·kg-1) | 变异系数/ % | 冀中平原背景值/ (mg·kg-1) | 中国土壤背景值/ (mg·kg-1) | 土壤污染风险 筛选值[ (mg·kg-1) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cd | 20.9 | 0.088 | 0.684 | 0.956 | 139.9 | 0.152 | 0.097 | 0.6 |
Pb | 2 364 | 16.2 | 53.6 | 73.4 | 137.0 | 22.5 | 26 | 170 |
As | 422 | 5.26 | 19.51 | 16.87 | 86.5 | 10.05 | 11.2 | 20 |
Hg | 1.175 | 0.010 5 | 0.058 2 | 0.047 | 80.8 | 0.039 | 0.065 | 1 |
Ni | 58.5 | 19.7 | 39.8 | 5.9 | 14.8 | 28.3 | 26.9 | 190 |
Cu | 2 664 | 14.6 | 66.2 | 90.4 | 136.6 | 23.1 | 22.6 | 100 |
Zn | 2 647 | 48.8 | 145 | 125.8 | 86.8 | 70.1 | 74.2 | 300 |
Cr | 144 | 48.1 | 80.7 | 10.4 | 12.8 | 65.5 | 61 | 250 |
Table 2 Parameter statistics for heavy metals in soils
重金属 元素 | 最大值/ (mg·kg-1) | 最小值/ (mg·kg-1) | 算术平均值/ (mg·kg-1) | 标准差/ (mg·kg-1) | 变异系数/ % | 冀中平原背景值/ (mg·kg-1) | 中国土壤背景值/ (mg·kg-1) | 土壤污染风险 筛选值[ (mg·kg-1) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cd | 20.9 | 0.088 | 0.684 | 0.956 | 139.9 | 0.152 | 0.097 | 0.6 |
Pb | 2 364 | 16.2 | 53.6 | 73.4 | 137.0 | 22.5 | 26 | 170 |
As | 422 | 5.26 | 19.51 | 16.87 | 86.5 | 10.05 | 11.2 | 20 |
Hg | 1.175 | 0.010 5 | 0.058 2 | 0.047 | 80.8 | 0.039 | 0.065 | 1 |
Ni | 58.5 | 19.7 | 39.8 | 5.9 | 14.8 | 28.3 | 26.9 | 190 |
Cu | 2 664 | 14.6 | 66.2 | 90.4 | 136.6 | 23.1 | 22.6 | 100 |
Zn | 2 647 | 48.8 | 145 | 125.8 | 86.8 | 70.1 | 74.2 | 300 |
Cr | 144 | 48.1 | 80.7 | 10.4 | 12.8 | 65.5 | 61 | 250 |
重金属 | 小麦在N=35情况的相关参数 | 玉米在N=40情况的相关参数 | 食品中污 染物限量/ (mg·kg-1) | 小麦绿色 食品标准/ (mg·kg-1) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
最大值/ (mg·kg-1) | 最小值/ (mg·kg-1) | 算术平均值/ (mg·kg-1) | 变异系 数/% | 最大值/ (mg·kg-1) | 最小值/ (mg·kg-1) | 算术平均值/ (mg·kg-1) | 变异系 数/% | ||||||||||
Cr | 0.25 | 0.12 | 0.178 | 17.18 | 0.15 | 0.068 | 0.111 | 18.63 | 1.0a | ||||||||
Ni | 0.25 | 0.1 | 0.17 | 23.70 | 0.34 | 0.13 | 0.22 | 24.13 | |||||||||
Cu | 7.07 | 4.58 | 5.77 | 11.88 | 2.66 | 0.92 | 1.44 | 23.35 | |||||||||
Zn | 57.2 | 23.70 | 36.55 | 24.72 | 31.6 | 13.50 | 21.49 | 16.30 | |||||||||
As | 0.4 | 0.023 | 0.102 | 73.88 | 0.042 | 0.018 | 0.026 | 21.23 | 0.5a | 0.5b | |||||||
Cd | 0.18 | 0.016 | 0.047 | 78.83 | 0.069 | 0.017 | 0.030 | 42.60 | 0.1a | 0.1b | |||||||
Hg | 0.23 | 0.025 | 0.070 | 62.84 | 0.012 | 0.002 6 | 0.005 1 | 43.80 | 0.02a | ||||||||
Pb | 0.002 3 | 0.001 1 | 0.001 6 | 22.20 | 0.001 7 | 0.001 | 0.001 3 | 13.86 | 0.2a | 0.2b |
Table 3 Parameter statistics for heavy metal concentrations in wheat and maize seeds
重金属 | 小麦在N=35情况的相关参数 | 玉米在N=40情况的相关参数 | 食品中污 染物限量/ (mg·kg-1) | 小麦绿色 食品标准/ (mg·kg-1) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
最大值/ (mg·kg-1) | 最小值/ (mg·kg-1) | 算术平均值/ (mg·kg-1) | 变异系 数/% | 最大值/ (mg·kg-1) | 最小值/ (mg·kg-1) | 算术平均值/ (mg·kg-1) | 变异系 数/% | ||||||||||
Cr | 0.25 | 0.12 | 0.178 | 17.18 | 0.15 | 0.068 | 0.111 | 18.63 | 1.0a | ||||||||
Ni | 0.25 | 0.1 | 0.17 | 23.70 | 0.34 | 0.13 | 0.22 | 24.13 | |||||||||
Cu | 7.07 | 4.58 | 5.77 | 11.88 | 2.66 | 0.92 | 1.44 | 23.35 | |||||||||
Zn | 57.2 | 23.70 | 36.55 | 24.72 | 31.6 | 13.50 | 21.49 | 16.30 | |||||||||
As | 0.4 | 0.023 | 0.102 | 73.88 | 0.042 | 0.018 | 0.026 | 21.23 | 0.5a | 0.5b | |||||||
Cd | 0.18 | 0.016 | 0.047 | 78.83 | 0.069 | 0.017 | 0.030 | 42.60 | 0.1a | 0.1b | |||||||
Hg | 0.23 | 0.025 | 0.070 | 62.84 | 0.012 | 0.002 6 | 0.005 1 | 43.80 | 0.02a | ||||||||
Pb | 0.002 3 | 0.001 1 | 0.001 6 | 22.20 | 0.001 7 | 0.001 | 0.001 3 | 13.86 | 0.2a | 0.2b |
元素 | 样品数量 | 污染指数超标率/% | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
清洁 | 轻微污染 | 轻度污染 | 中度污染 | 重度污染 | ||
Cr | 1 443 | 100 | ||||
Ni | 1 443 | 100 | ||||
Cu | 1 443 | 88.08 | 9.22 | 1.73 | 0.55 | 0.42 |
Zn | 1 443 | 94.94 | 4.23 | 0.35 | 0.28 | 0.21 |
Cd | 1 443 | 62.79 | 27.10 | 5.61 | 3.40 | 1.11 |
Pb | 1 443 | 97.85 | 1.80 | 0.14 | 0.14 | 0.07 |
As | 1 443 | 67.50 | 29.73 | 1.46 | 0.83 | 0.49 |
Hg | 1 443 | 99.93 | 0.07 |
Table 4 Statistics of heavy metal pollution grades assessed by single factor contamination index
元素 | 样品数量 | 污染指数超标率/% | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
清洁 | 轻微污染 | 轻度污染 | 中度污染 | 重度污染 | ||
Cr | 1 443 | 100 | ||||
Ni | 1 443 | 100 | ||||
Cu | 1 443 | 88.08 | 9.22 | 1.73 | 0.55 | 0.42 |
Zn | 1 443 | 94.94 | 4.23 | 0.35 | 0.28 | 0.21 |
Cd | 1 443 | 62.79 | 27.10 | 5.61 | 3.40 | 1.11 |
Pb | 1 443 | 97.85 | 1.80 | 0.14 | 0.14 | 0.07 |
As | 1 443 | 67.50 | 29.73 | 1.46 | 0.83 | 0.49 |
Hg | 1 443 | 99.93 | 0.07 |
土壤及 重金属 | 各种情况下的污染面积及占比 | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
清洁 | 轻微污染 | 轻度污染 | 中度污染 | 重度污染 | ||||||||||
面积/hm2 | 比例/% | 面积/hm2 | 比例/% | 面积/hm2 | 比例/% | 面积/hm2 | 比例/% | 面积/hm2 | 比例/% | |||||
土壤综合 | 6 702.66 | 59.59 | 3 568.00 | 31.72 | 628.67 | 5.59 | 275.33 | 2.45 | 74.00 | 0.66 | ||||
锌 | 10 961.99 | 97.45 | 275.33 | 2.45 | 5.33 | 0.05 | 6.00 | 0.05 | ||||||
铜 | 10 315.32 | 91.70 | 816.00 | 7.25 | 106.67 | 0.95 | 8.67 | 0.08 | 2.00 | 0.02 | ||||
砷 | 7 872.00 | 69.98 | 3 162.66 | 28.12 | 92.67 | 0.82 | 73.33 | 0.65 | 48.00 | 0.43 | ||||
镉 | 7 562.66 | 67.23 | 2 843.33 | 25.28 | 582.00 | 5.17 | 214.00 | 1.90 | 46.67 | 0.41 |
Table 5 Statistics of heavy metal pollution in arable soils
土壤及 重金属 | 各种情况下的污染面积及占比 | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
清洁 | 轻微污染 | 轻度污染 | 中度污染 | 重度污染 | ||||||||||
面积/hm2 | 比例/% | 面积/hm2 | 比例/% | 面积/hm2 | 比例/% | 面积/hm2 | 比例/% | 面积/hm2 | 比例/% | |||||
土壤综合 | 6 702.66 | 59.59 | 3 568.00 | 31.72 | 628.67 | 5.59 | 275.33 | 2.45 | 74.00 | 0.66 | ||||
锌 | 10 961.99 | 97.45 | 275.33 | 2.45 | 5.33 | 0.05 | 6.00 | 0.05 | ||||||
铜 | 10 315.32 | 91.70 | 816.00 | 7.25 | 106.67 | 0.95 | 8.67 | 0.08 | 2.00 | 0.02 | ||||
砷 | 7 872.00 | 69.98 | 3 162.66 | 28.12 | 92.67 | 0.82 | 73.33 | 0.65 | 48.00 | 0.43 | ||||
镉 | 7 562.66 | 67.23 | 2 843.33 | 25.28 | 582.00 | 5.17 | 214.00 | 1.90 | 46.67 | 0.41 |
重金属 元素 | 最小值/ (mg·kg-1) | 最大值/ (mg·kg-1) | 算术平均值/ (mg·kg-1) | 标准差/ (mg·kg-1) | 变异系数/ % | 土壤污染风险筛选值[ (mg·kg-1) | 与筛选值的 比值 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cr | 22.7 | 2 455 | 518 | 687 | 133 | 350 | 1.48 |
Ni | 7.39 | 1 416 | 254 | 362 | 142 | 60 | 4.23 |
Cu | 0.01 | 6.51 | 1.61 | 1.92 | 120 | 100 | 0.02 |
Zn | 0.01 | 12.68 | 1.7 | 3.25 | 192 | 300 | 0.01 |
Cd | 0.24 | 32.5 | 10.85 | 10.41 | 96 | 0.6 | 18.08 |
Pb | 0.02 | 0.66 | 0.22 | 0.2 | 90 | 350 | 0.001 |
As | 3.1 | 940 | 112 | 244 | 217 | 20 | 5.62 |
Hg | 4.25 | 3 750 | 628 | 1 171 | 187 | 1 000 | 0.63 |
Table 6 Statistics of heavy metal concentrations in slags
重金属 元素 | 最小值/ (mg·kg-1) | 最大值/ (mg·kg-1) | 算术平均值/ (mg·kg-1) | 标准差/ (mg·kg-1) | 变异系数/ % | 土壤污染风险筛选值[ (mg·kg-1) | 与筛选值的 比值 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cr | 22.7 | 2 455 | 518 | 687 | 133 | 350 | 1.48 |
Ni | 7.39 | 1 416 | 254 | 362 | 142 | 60 | 4.23 |
Cu | 0.01 | 6.51 | 1.61 | 1.92 | 120 | 100 | 0.02 |
Zn | 0.01 | 12.68 | 1.7 | 3.25 | 192 | 300 | 0.01 |
Cd | 0.24 | 32.5 | 10.85 | 10.41 | 96 | 0.6 | 18.08 |
Pb | 0.02 | 0.66 | 0.22 | 0.2 | 90 | 350 | 0.001 |
As | 3.1 | 940 | 112 | 244 | 217 | 20 | 5.62 |
Hg | 4.25 | 3 750 | 628 | 1 171 | 187 | 1 000 | 0.63 |
项目 | 特征值 | 贡献率/ % | 累计贡 献率/% | 因子载荷 | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cr | Ni | Cu | Zn | Cd | Pb | As | Hg | |||||
第一主成分 | 3.442 | 43.03 | 43.03 | 0.114 | 0.09 | 0.127 | 0.528 | 0.657 | 0.039 | 0.847 | 0.861 | |
第二主成分 | 1.785 | 22.32 | 65.34 | 0.052 | 0.075 | 0.839 | 0.698 | 0.58 | 0.737 | -0.006 | 0.238 | |
第三主成分 | 1.057 | 13.21 | 78.55 | 0.97 | 0.973 | 0.021 | 0.024 | 0.077 | 0.085 | 0.196 | 0.015 |
Table 7 Results of principal component analysis
项目 | 特征值 | 贡献率/ % | 累计贡 献率/% | 因子载荷 | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cr | Ni | Cu | Zn | Cd | Pb | As | Hg | |||||
第一主成分 | 3.442 | 43.03 | 43.03 | 0.114 | 0.09 | 0.127 | 0.528 | 0.657 | 0.039 | 0.847 | 0.861 | |
第二主成分 | 1.785 | 22.32 | 65.34 | 0.052 | 0.075 | 0.839 | 0.698 | 0.58 | 0.737 | -0.006 | 0.238 | |
第三主成分 | 1.057 | 13.21 | 78.55 | 0.97 | 0.973 | 0.021 | 0.024 | 0.077 | 0.085 | 0.196 | 0.015 |
重金属 | | | 标准差 | 变异系数/ % | 轻微危害 比例/% | 中等危害 比例/% | 强危害 比例/% | 很强危害 比例/% | 极强危害 比例/% |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cd | 17~4 125 | 135 | 190 | 141.0 | 6.03 | 36.66 | 34.51 | 16.98 | 5.82 |
Pb | 4~525 | 12 | 16 | 138.2 | 98.06 | 1.66 | 0.21 | 0.07 | |
As | 5~420 | 19 | 17 | 87.2 | 97.23 | 2.08 | 0.42 | 0.21 | 0.07 |
Hg | 11~1 205 | 59 | 48 | 80.5 | 23.22 | 63.83 | 10.88 | 1.52 | 0.55 |
Ni | 3~10 | 7 | 1 | 14.8 | 10 | ||||
Cu | 3~577 | 14 | 20 | 137.4 | 96.74 | 2.43 | 0.62 | 0.14 | 0.07 |
Zn | 1~38 | 2 | 2 | 86.6 | 10 | ||||
Cr | 1~4 | 2 | 0.3 | 12.8 | 10 |
Table 8 $E_r^i$ statistical analysis of heavy metals in soil samples
重金属 | | | 标准差 | 变异系数/ % | 轻微危害 比例/% | 中等危害 比例/% | 强危害 比例/% | 很强危害 比例/% | 极强危害 比例/% |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cd | 17~4 125 | 135 | 190 | 141.0 | 6.03 | 36.66 | 34.51 | 16.98 | 5.82 |
Pb | 4~525 | 12 | 16 | 138.2 | 98.06 | 1.66 | 0.21 | 0.07 | |
As | 5~420 | 19 | 17 | 87.2 | 97.23 | 2.08 | 0.42 | 0.21 | 0.07 |
Hg | 11~1 205 | 59 | 48 | 80.5 | 23.22 | 63.83 | 10.88 | 1.52 | 0.55 |
Ni | 3~10 | 7 | 1 | 14.8 | 10 | ||||
Cu | 3~577 | 14 | 20 | 137.4 | 96.74 | 2.43 | 0.62 | 0.14 | 0.07 |
Zn | 1~38 | 2 | 2 | 86.6 | 10 | ||||
Cr | 1~4 | 2 | 0.3 | 12.8 | 10 |
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