Heavy metal pollution in agricultural land around a tailings pond, northern Hubei and ecological and human health risk assessment

doi:10.13745/j.esf.sf.2023.8.22

Abstract

Abstract:

In order to understand the characteristics of heavy metal pollution in agricultural land around non-ferrous metal taillings ponds in the mountainous areas of northern Hebei and the ecological and human health risks, a representative Au-Pb-Zn tailings pond and its surrounding agricultural land is selected as the research area. The soil pH and the contents of heavy metals Cd, Cr, Pb, Hg, As, Cu, Zn, Ni in the agricultural soils are determined by physiochemical analysis using ISE, XRF, AFS, ICP-MS methods. Heavy metal accumulation, potential ecological risks, and human health risks are analyzed to evaluate the ecological and human health risks caused by heavy metal pollution in the study area. The results showed that surface soil in the study area was heavily contaminated with Zn, Cu, Cd, Pb, and As to varying degrees with high levels of accumulation, except for As. The potential ecological hazard level was very high, specially for Cd, Pd and Hg. In terms of human exposure and health risks, heavy metal exposure by hand-to-mouth contacts was the main cause of both non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic health risks, and Zn and Pb were of special concerns in terms single element daily exposure levels. In both children and adults regarding hand-to-mouth contacts, the non-carcinogenic hazard level was unacceptable—in children, the risk indices for Pb and As were 11.23 and 1.75, respectively; in adults, Pb was of special concern. In terms of carcinogenic health risks caused by hand-to-mouth contacts, the risk level of Cd exposure was unacceptable in both children and adults, with relevant risk indices of 3.38×10^-4 and 1.63×10^-4, respectively. In short, risk monitoring and early warning systems should be strengthened in the mining areas, and pollution control measures for at-risk agricultural land should be implemented accordingly to eliminate potential health risks.

Key words: tailings ponds, heavy metals, pollution characteristics, ecological risk, risk assessment

CLC Number:

GUO Xuehui, HUANG Renliang, WAN Jianhua. Heavy metal pollution in agricultural land around a tailings pond, northern Hubei and ecological and human health risk assessment[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 2024, 31(2): 77-92.

Figures/Tables 22

Fig.1 Map of mineralization zone and mineralization concentration areas in Hebei Province. Adapted from [13].

Fig.2 Sampling points and tailings pond location map

Fig.3 Flow chart of soil sample preparation

Table 1 Supporting scheme for eight heavy metals and physicochemical index analysis methods in soil samples

序号	分析方法	简称	测定元素或指标
1	电位法	ISE	pH
2	X射线荧光光谱法	XRF	Cr,Zn,Ni
3	原子荧光光谱法	AFS	As,Hg
4	电感耦合等离子体质谱法	ICP-MS	Cd,Cu,Pb

Table 2 Grading of individual heavy metal accumulation in soil

累积程度分级	A_i值
无明显累积	A_i≤1.5
轻度累积	1.5<A_i≤3
中度累积	3<A_i≤6
重度累积	A_i>6

Table 3 Potential ecological hazard indicators and grading relationship of heavy metal pollution

潜在生态风险 $E r i$ 范围	潜在生态风险指数RI范围	潜在生态风险程度
$E r i$ <40	RI<150	低潜在生态风险
40≤ $E r i$ <80	150≤RI<300	中潜在生态风险
80≤ $E r i$ <160	300≤RI<600	较高潜在生态风险
160≤ $E r i$ <320	600≤RI<1200	高潜在生态风险
$E r i$ ≥320	RI≥1200	很高潜在生态风险

Table 3 Potential ecological hazard indicators and grading relationship of heavy metal pollution

潜在生态风险 $E r i$ 范围	潜在生态风险指数RI范围	潜在生态风险程度
$E r i$ <40	RI<150	低潜在生态风险
40≤ $E r i$ <80	150≤RI<300	中潜在生态风险
80≤ $E r i$ <160	300≤RI<600	较高潜在生态风险
160≤ $E r i$ <320	600≤RI<1200	高潜在生态风险
$E r i$ ≥320	RI≥1200	很高潜在生态风险

Table 4 Values of human exposure risk parameters of heavy metals in farmland soil

各参数性质项	各参数具体特征
名称	重金属实测值(C)	转换系数(CF)	手口摄入速率(IngR)	呼吸速率(InhR)	暴露年限(ED)	人群暴露频率(EF)
单位	mg·kg^-1	10^-6 kg·mg^-1	mg·d^-1	m³·d^-1	a	d·a^-1
儿童取值			200	7.6	6	350
成人取值			100	20	24	350
各参数性质项	各参数具体特征
名称	土壤颗粒物因子(PEF)	平均人体体重(BW)	平均暴露时间(AT)	暴露皮肤表面积(SA)	皮肤附着因子(SL)	皮肤吸收因子(ABS)
单位	m³·kg^-1	kg	d	cm²	mg·(cm²·d)^-1
儿童取值	1.36×10⁹	15	致癌72×365、非致癌ED×365	2 800	0.2	0.001
成人取值	1.36×10⁹	61.9	致癌72×365、非致癌ED×365	5 700	0.07	0.001

Table 5 Reference calculation and carcinogenic slope factors for different exposure routes of heavy metals

重金属	参考剂量RFD/(mg·kg^-1·d^-1)			致癌因子SF/(kg·d·mg^-1)
重金属	经口	呼吸	皮肤	经口	呼吸	皮肤
Cr	3.0×10^-3	2.55×10^-5	6×10^-5	—	42	—
Ni	2.0×10^-2	2.3×10^-5	8.0×10^-4	—	0.84	—
Zn	3.0×10^-1	—	3.0×10^-1	—	—	—
Cu	4.0×10^-2	—	4.0×10^-2	—	—	—
Cd	1.0×10^-3	1.0×10^-5	2.5×10^-5	6.1	6.3	6.1
Pb	3.5×10^-3	3.5×10^-3	5.3×10^-4	—	—	—
As	3.0×10^-4	1.5×10^-5	3.0×10^-4	1.5	4.3×10^-3	1.5
Hg	3.0×10^-4	3.0×10^-4	2.1×10^-5	—	—	—

Table 6 List of soil heavy metal background values in the northern Hebei region

元素	土层层位	顺序统计量/(mg·kg^-1)						算术平均值/ (mg·kg^-1)	几何平均值/ (mg·kg^-1)
元素	土层层位	最小值	25%值	中位数	75%值	95%值	最大值	算术平均值/ (mg·kg^-1)	几何平均值/ (mg·kg^-1)
Cr	A	35.4	53.3	63.9	74.6	129.6	217	68.3	65.4
Cr	C	15.9	53.7	64.4	82.7	142.2	520	72.6	67.8
Ni	A	7	22	28.8	37	50.1	300	30.8	28.7
Ni	C	5	22	31.5	42.8	60.8	835	34.1	30.3
Zn	A	28.5	56.2	68	84.7	175.4	376	78.4	71.9
Zn	C	12.5	56.8	72.5	93.7	192.0	753	78.4	73.1
Cu	A	6.7	17.9	21.7	24.9	32.2	53.5	21.8	21
Cu	C	5.2	17	22.2	26.2	38.2	1041	23	22
Cd	A	0.002	0.028	0.075	0.136	0.227	0.474	0.094	0.056
Cd	C	0.002	0.030	0.068	0.157	0.228	0.446	0.097	0.057
Pb	A	4.8	17	20	24	34.5	200	21.5	20.5
Pb	C	4.7	18	21.3	29.8	59.7	260	25.1	22.5
As	A	0.01	9.8	12.1	16.2	22.2	31.7	13.6	12.8
As	C	0.01	9.5	13.1	17.8	21.6	48.8	14.2	13.3
Hg	A	0.001	0.014	0.023	0.039	0.104	0.269	0.036	0.025
Hg	C	0.001	0.009	0.016	0.028	0.057	0.193	0.022	0.013

Table 7 Statistical characteristics of heavy metals in agricultural soil

元素	深度	最小值/ (mg·kg^-1)	最大值/ (mg·kg^-1)	平均值/ (mg·kg^-1)	标准偏差/ (mg·kg^-1)	变异系数	农用地土壤污染风险筛选值/ (mg·kg^-1)
Cr	表层	27.85	73.73	57.42	11.72	0.20	250
Cr	深层	37.65	67.86	58.29	24.58	0.42	250
Ni	表层	12.75	38.89	30.52	7.80	0.26	190
Ni	深层	23.12	56.18	31.98	8.04	0.25	190
Zn	表层	183.81	10 131.43	2 774.48	3 511.46	1.27	300
Zn	深层	77.95	172.67	124.59	31.42	0.25	300
Cu	表层	27.76	180.12	67.99	55.09	0.81	100
Cu	深层	20.64	47.32	31.26	9.32	0.30	100
Cd	表层	0.359	51.974	13.079	18.98	1.45	0.6
Cd	深层	0.088	0.663	0.363	0.15	0.41	0.6
Pb	表层	38.39	3 076.98	975.67	1 175.66	1.20	170
Pb	深层	16.54	74.24	43.47	13.78	0.32	170
As	表层	13.99	41.12	24.92	9.22	0.37	25
As	深层	10.82	23.34	15.31	4.08	0.27	25
Hg	表层	0.058	0.235	0.109	0.05	0.46	3.4
Hg	深层	0.059	0.294	0.102	0.06	0.59	3.4

Fig.4 Vertical distribution map of heavy metal content in soil

Fig.5 Horizontal distribution map of heavy metal content in soil

Fig.6 Statistical chart of heavy metal accumulation degree

Fig.7 Distribution diagram of accumulation degree of each element

Table 8 Statistical table of single elements environmental risk index (Er) for of heavy metals

类别	E_r
类别	Cr	Ni	Zn	Cu	Cd	Pb	As	Hg
最大值	2.9	1.0	33.8	5.4	2 598.7	271.5	32.9	2.8
最小值	1.1	0.3	0.6	0.8	18.0	3.4	23.1	0.7
平均值	2.3	0.8	9.2	2.0	654.2	86.1	19.9	1.3
各因子单点最大危害程度	低	低	低	低	很高	高	低	低
单因子区域综合危害程度	低	低	低	低	很高	较高	低	低

Table 9 Multielement environmental risk comprehensive index (RI) statistical table

类别	RI
最大值	2 947.1
最小值	38.9
平均值	775.9
单点最大危害程度	很高
区域综合危害程度	高

Table 10 Average daily exposure to non carcinogenic heavy metals

元素	ADD(手口)/(mg·kg^-1·d^-1)		ADD(呼吸)/(mg·kg^-1·d^-1)		ADD(皮肤)/(mg·kg^-1·d^-1)
元素	儿童	成人	儿童	成人	儿童	成人
Cr	9.43×10^-4	1.14×10^-4	2.63×10^-8	1.68×10^-8	2.64×10^-6	4.56×10^-7
Ni	4.97×10^-4	6.02×10^-5	1.39×10^-8	8.86×10^-9	1.39×10^-6	2.40×10^-7
Zn	1.29×10^-1	1.57×10^-2	3.62×10^-6	2.31×10^-6	3.63×10^-4	6.26×10^-5
Cu	2.30×10^-3	2.79×10^-4	6.44×10^-8	4.10×10^-8	6.45×10^-6	1.11×10^-6
Cd	6.65×10^-4	8.05×10^-5	1.86×10^-8	1.18×10^-8	1.86×10^-6	3.21×10^-7
Pb	3.93×10^-2	4.76×10^-3	1.10×10^-6	7.01×10^-7	1.10×10^-4	1.90×10^-5
As	5.26×10^-4	6.37×10^-5	1.47×10^-8	9.37×10^-9	1.47×10^-6	2.54×10^-7
Hg	3.00×10^-6	3.64×10^-7	8.40×10^-11	5.35×10^-11	8.41×10^-9	1.45×10^-9

Table 11 Average daily exposure to heavy metal carcinogens

元素	ADD(手口)/(mg·kg^-1·d^-1)		ADD(呼吸)/(mg·kg^-1·d^-1)		ADD(皮肤)/(mg·kg^-1·d^-1)
元素	儿童	成人	儿童	成人	儿童	成人
Cr	7.86×10^-5	3.81×10^-5	2.20×10^-9	5.60×10^-9	2.20×10^-7	1.52×10^-7
Ni	4.14×10^-5	2.01×10^-5	1.16×10^-9	2.95×10^-9	1.16×10^-7	8.01×10^-8
Zn	1.08×10^-2	5.23×10^-3	3.02×10^-7	7.70×10^-7	3.02×10^-5	2.09×10^-5
Cu	1.92×10^-4	9.30×10^-5	5.36×10^-9	1.37×10^-8	5.37×10^-7	3.71×10^-7
Cd	5.54×10^-5	2.68×10^-5	1.55×10^-9	3.95×10^-9	1.55×10^-7	1.07×10^-7
Pb	3.28×10^-3	1.59×10^-3	9.16×10^-8	2.34×10^-7	9.18×10^-6	6.34×10^-6
As	4.38×10^-5	2.12×10^-5	1.22×10^-9	3.12×10^-9	1.23×10^-7	8.47×10^-8
Hg	2.50×10^-7	1.21×10^-7	7.00×10^-12	1.79×10^-11	7.01×10^-10	4.84×10^-10

Table 12 Non carcinogenic health risk index of heavy metals in agricultural soil for children

元素	单一重金属各暴露途径的非致癌风险指数			非致癌风险总指数HI
元素	HQ_ing	HQ_inh	HQ_derm
Cr	3.14×10^-1	1.03×10^-3	4.40×10^-2	3.59×10^-1
Ni	2.49×10^-2	6.04×10^-4	1.74×10^-3	2.72×10^-2
Zn	4.30×10^-1	—	1.21×10^-3	4.31×10^-1
Cu	5.75×10^-2	—	1.61×10^-4	5.77×10^-2
Cd	6.65×10^-1	1.86×10^-3	7.44×10^-2	7.42×10^-1
Pb	11.23	3.14×10^-4	2.08×10^-1	11.44
As	1.75	9.80×10^-4	4.90×10^-3	1.76
Hg	1.00×10^-2	2.80×10^-7	4.01×10^-4	1.04×10^-2

Table 13 Adult non carcinogenic health risk index of heavy metals in agricultural soil

元素	单一重金属各暴露途径的非致癌风险指数			非致癌风险总指数HI
元素	HQ_ing	HQ_inh	HQ_derm
Cr	3.80×10^-2	6.59×10^-4	7.60×10^-3	4.62×10^-2
Ni	3.01×10^-3	3.85×10^-4	3.00×10^-4	3.70×10^-3
Zn	5.23×10^-2	—	2.09×10^-4	5.25×10^-2
Cu	6.98×10^-3	—	2.78×10^-5	7.01×10^-3
Cd	8.05×10^-2	1.18×10^-3	1.28×10^-2	9.45×10^-2
Pb	1.36	2.01×10^-4	3.58×10^-2	1.40
As	2.12×10^-1	6.25×10^-4	8.47×10^-4	2.14×10^-1
Hg	1.21×10^-3	1.78×10^-7	6.91×10^-5	1.28×10^-3

Table 14 Health risk index for heavy metal carcinogenesis in agricultural soil

元素	RISK_ing			RISK_inh			RISK_derm			RISK
元素	儿童	成人		儿童	成人		儿童	成人		儿童	成人
Cr	—		—	9.24×10^-8		2.35×10^-7	—		—	9.24×10^-8	2.35×10^-7
Ni	—		—	9.74×10^-10		2.48×10^-9	—		—	9.74×10^-10	2.48×10^-9
Cd	3.38×10^-4		1.63×10^-4	9.77×10^-9		2.49×10^-8	9.46×10^-7		6.53×10^-7	3.39×10^-4	1.64×10^-4
As	6.57×10^-5		3.18×10^-5	5.25×10^-12		1.34×10^-11	1.85×10^-7		1.27×10^-7	6.58×10^-5	3.19×10^-5

Table 15 Comparison of heavy metal ecology and health risk assessment in farmland soils of different regions

研究区域	综合潜在生态危害分析结果	人体健康风险评价结果	资料来源
冀北山区某金铅锌尾矿库周边农用地土壤	Cd、Pb、Zn和Cu总体污染程度最高,危害程度Cd(很高)、Pb(较高),多元素环境风险综合指数(RI)最大值2 947.1(很高)、平均值775.9(高),说明农用地土壤潜在生态危害处于极强的水平	Pb和As儿童手口途径非致癌风险不可接受,Pb成人手口途径非致癌风险不可接受,Cd儿童与成人手口途径致癌风险不可接受	本文
鄂西某铜铅锌尾矿库周边农田土壤	Cd、Pb、Zn和Cu显著富集,Cd富集系数达4.41,研究区处于中度风险	总致癌风险和总非致癌风险大于可接受水平,存在重金属致癌风险,As和Cd致癌风险较大。	杨杰等^[11]
贵州省某铅锌尾矿集中区周边土壤	Cd风险最高,Zn和Pb呈中等风险水平		田雨桐^[59]
陕西潼关金矿矿区周边农田土壤	Hg、Cd和Pb总体污染程度最高,生态危害风险:Hg为极强风险,Cd和Pb为强风险	手口摄入是儿童非致癌风险的主要暴露途径;Pb和Hg为主要非致癌因子,Cd致癌风险最大	林荩等^[12]
某典型铜尾矿库周边农田土壤	Cu和Cd属于中度污染,其他为轻污染	儿童暴露于As造成的非致癌风险,而成人的非致癌风险以及成人和儿童的致癌风险均处于可接受的水平	Xiao等^[10]
湖南省苏山区金属矿土壤	Hg污染最重,Pb和As属于强污染,Zn和Cu属于轻污染	As和Pb手口摄入途径儿童非致癌健康暴露风险显著;As对成人不存在显著致癌风险	陈怡先等^[60]
湖南省某尾矿库周边农田土壤	Cd为重污染,As和Pb为轻污染		周楠^[61]

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