The undergrowth developmental dynamics of plantations in an open-pit coal mine waste dump in loess area

doi:10.13745/j.esf.sf.2020.10.18

Abstract

Abstract:

To study the community dynamics of artificial vegetation in reclaimed land of mining areas, a 1-hm²permanent monitoring plot was established in 2010 with mixed forestry of Robinia pseudoacacia+Ulmus pumila+Ailanthus altissima at the Antaibao open-pit coal mine in Shanxi Province. Based on two datasets obtained in 2010 and 2015, we measured the species diversity using multiple indices, and analyzed the overall interspecific association and main species interspecific association in the herbal layer of the community using variance ratio (VR) tests, χ²tests, and Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient tests from the 17th to 22nd year since reclamation. The results indicated the following: (1) A total of 62 species, belonging to 20 families and 46 genera, and 53 species, belonging to 18 families and 39 genera of herbaceous plants were investigated after 17 and 22 years of reclamation, respectively. The dominance of the Compositae was the most exaggerated in 2010, and this level of dominance gradually decreased, while the dominance of Gramineous plants gradually increased. During this five-year period, the dominant component changed from Artemisia sieversiana to Roegneria kamoji. Similar to the natural vegetation in the original landform, the perennial and mesophyte plants dominated the two surveys of herbaceous plants under artificial vegetation. The importance of annual or annual/biennial and mesophytic herbs decreased, while the dominance of perennial, xerophyte, meso-xerophyte, and xero-mesophyte herb increased along with succession. (2) After 17 years of reclamation, the species richness index of herbaceous plants under artificial vegetation has significantly exceeded that of the original landform. The species richness index decreased with succession, while the Shannon-Wiener index and Pielou evenness index showed an increasing trend. The species diversity of the herbaceous plants under artificial vegetation was restored to 94.12% of the natural vegetation in the original landform after 22 years of reclamation. (3) The overall correlation of herbaceous plants under artificial vegetation changed from a significant negative correlation to no significant negative correlation. The positive-negative correlation ratio of the main species increased from 0.30 to 0.79, but both were less than 1, and the interspecific association of most species pairs was not significant (P>0.05), reflecting the interspecific competition relationship of herbaceous species in the community. With the succession of the community, the structure of the herbaceous community gradually became stable. The main species pairs of Stipa capillata and U. pumila showed a significant positive correlation. These zonal species have strong ecological adaptability for tolerating drought and poor soil fertility, and could therefore be used as preferred plant species pairs for mixed planting in future waste dump revegetation in the Antaibao open-pit coal mine. This study can provide a theoretical basis for vegetation reconstruction and biodiversity conservation in mining areas.

Key words: open-pit coal mine, vegetation restoration, herbaceous plants, species diversity, interspecific association

CLC Number:

ZHAO Bingqing, BAI Zhongke, GUO Donggang, CAO Yingui. The undergrowth developmental dynamics of plantations in an open-pit coal mine waste dump in loess area[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 2021, 28(4): 153-164.

Figures/Tables 10

Table 1 Top 10 herbaceous plants by important value

物种	重要值IV/%
物种	复垦17年	复垦22年	原地貌
榆树Ulmus pumila		4.79
花苜蓿Medicago ruthenica			7.18
草木樨状黄耆Astragalus melilotoides			16.93
胡枝子Lespedeza bicolor			6.16
兴安胡枝子Lespedeza daurica			4.20
沙枣Elaeagnus angustifolia		4.15
香青兰Dracocephalum moldavica			6.68
百里香Thymus mongolicus			4.02
大籽蒿Artemisia sieversiana	32.52	6.05
黄花蒿Artemisia annua	14.97
白莲蒿Artemisia sacrorum	4.05	4.55
莳萝蒿Artemisia anethoides	2.45
艾Artemisia argyi		3.78
草地风毛菊Saussurea amara	1.90
风毛菊Saussurea japonica		9.66
披碱草Elymus dahuricus	12.68		6.69
鹅观草Roegneria kamoji	9.04	23.84
无芒雀麦Bromus inermis	1.77	4.66
硬质早熟禾Poa sphondylodes		7.67	4.13
针茅Stipa capillata	3.79	6.72
戈壁针茅Stipa tianschanica var. gobica	1.95
白茅Imperata cylindrica			3.33
披针薹草Carex lancifolia			9.49

Table 2 Life form of herbaceous plants

生活型	复垦17年			复垦22年				原地貌
生活型	种数	重要值IV/%		种数		重要值IV/%		种数		重要值IV/%
1年生草本	8	15.98	6		5.31		5		7.51
1-2年生草本	9	37.71	7		9.00		2		0.48
2年生草本	2	0.80	2		9.75		1		2.03
多年生草本	34	43.77	31		66.23		33		78.80
藤本	1	0.03
灌木	4	0.27	3		0.32		3		11.19
乔木	4	1.44	4		9.39

Table 3 Water ecotypes of herbaceous plants

生态型	复垦17年			复垦22年				原地貌
生态型	种数	重要值IV/%		种数		重要值IV/%		种数		重要值IV/%
旱生植物	7	10.52	10		22.01		8		15.38
中旱生植物	8	6.09	3		8.05		9		35.04
旱中生植物	7	1.87	7		6.10		4		6.85
中生植物	40	81.52	33		63.84		23		42.73

Table 4 Biodiversity of herbaceous plants

多样性指数	复垦17年	复垦22年	原地貌
Patrick (R)	62	53	44
Shannon-Wiener (H')	2.44	2.88	3.06
Pielou (E)	0.59	0.72	0.81

Table 5 Overall association among herbaceous plant communities

复垦年限/年	方差比率VR	检验统计量 $W$	$χ 2$ 临界值 ( $χ 0.95, 2 N$ , $χ 0 . 2 0 5, N$ )	关联性
17	0.80	319.77	(354.64, 447.63)	显著负关联
22	0.97	388.51	(354.64, 447.63)	负关联

Table 5 Overall association among herbaceous plant communities

复垦年限/年	方差比率VR	检验统计量 $W$	$χ 2$ 临界值 ( $χ 0.95, 2 N$ , $χ 0 . 2 0 5, N$ )	关联性
17	0.80	319.77	(354.64, 447.63)	显著负关联
22	0.97	388.51	(354.64, 447.63)	负关联

Fig.1 Semi-matrix of χ 2-test for the 15 main herbaceous species after 17 years of reclamation

Fig.2 Semi-matrix of χ 2-test for the 17 main herbaceous species after 22 years of reclamation

Table 6 Spearman’s rank coefficients of the 15 main herbaceous species after 17 years of reclamation

物种代号	各植物种间Spearman秩相关系数
物种代号	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15
1	1.000
2	0.063	1.000
3	-0.299^**	-0.406^**	1.000
4	-0.124^*	-0.036	-0.363^**	1.000
5	-0.189^**	-0.097	0.034	-0.112^*	1.000
6	0.171^**	-0.033	-0.099^*	-0.182^**	0.060	1.000
7	0.097	0.189^**	-0.188^**	-0.018	-0.022	0.060	1.000
8	0.093	0.160^**	-0.109^*	-0.173^**	-0.027	-0.179^**	0.194^**	1.000
9	-0.032	-0.049	-0.061	0.102^*	-0.020	-0.083	-0.014	0.032	1.000
10	-0.127^*	-0.057	-0.079	-0.078	-0.058	-0.035	-0.090	-0.055	0.090	1.000
11	-0.089	-0.166^**	0.090	-0.086	0.052	-0.097	-0.011	0.047	-0.006	-0.014	1.000
12	0.064	0.004	-0.094	-0.042	-0.037	-0.096	0.039	0.116^*	-0.128^*	-0.063	0.078	1.000
13	-0.062	-0.047	-0.127^*	-0.012	-0.007	-0.007	-0.093	0.018	-0.067	-0.001	0.033	0.040	1.000
14	-0.006	-0.015	-0.196^**	0.165^**	-0.065	-0.048	-0.108^*	-0.111^*	0.012	0.023	-0.061	-0.039	0.021	1.000
15	0.089	-0.077	0.005	-0.162^**	0.098	0.120^*	-0.085	0.015	-0.043	-0.037	-0.045	-0.025	0.011	0.006	1.000

Table 7 Spearman’s rank coefficients of the 17 main herbaceous species after 22 years of reclamation

物种代号	各植物种间Spearman秩相关系数
物种代号	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17
1	1.000
2	-0.089	1.000
3	-0.273^**	-0.057	1.000
4	-0.288^**	-0.031	-0.032	1.000
5	-0.250^**	0.026	0.092	0.075	1.000
6	-0.126^*	-0.073	-0.014	0.123^*	0.083	1.000
7	-0.132^**	-0.051	-0.116^*	-0.124^*	-0.036	-0.065	1.000
8	-0.030	-0.010	-0.023	-0.009	-0.101^*	0.007	0.048	1.000
9	-0.092	-0.170^**	0.171^**	-0.179^**	0.005	-0.203^**	-0.023	-0.138^**	1.000
10	-0.184^**	-0.005	0.071	-0.031	-0.046	-0.067	-0.095	-0.065	0.248^**	1.000
11	0.020	-0.067	0.078	0.021	0.097	-0.052	-0.095	0.020	0.022	-0.019	1.000
12	-0.097	0.017	-0.027	-0.086	0.014	-0.010	-0.085	-0.022	-0.019	-0.025	0.141^**	1.000
13	-0.137^**	-0.101^*	0.094	-0.027	-0.010	-0.011	-0.081	-0.087	0.409^**	0.174^**	-0.017	0.041	1.000
14	-0.129^**	-0.023	0.130^**	-0.040	0.020	0.036	-0.041	0.001	0.109^*	0.068	-0.029	0.151^**	0.117^*	1.000
15	-0.145^**	0.036	0.071	-0.029	0.038	0.057	-0.067	-0.087	0.096	0.148^**	0.057	0.000	0.088	0.009	1.000
16	0.084	-0.228^**	0.059	-0.032	0.033	-0.061	-0.045	-0.050	-0.085	-0.093	0.022	-0.106^*	-0.112^*	-0.096	-0.049	1.000
17	-0.144^**	-0.021	-0.013	0.161^**	0.097	0.074	-0.073	-0.002	-0.102^*	-0.002	0.069	-0.064	-0.121^*	-0.054	0.053	0.162^**	1.000

Fig.3 Precipitation data of Pinglu over the study period (2010—2015)

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