水的临界奇异性致震说

doi:10.13745/j.esf.2020.1.25

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

通过大量的地震现象总结和地震过程的热力学分析,得知地震的共性主要有:具分带性及与断裂相关性,有多震层,震区深部常有高导低速层,与水关系密切,主震时短具突变性,部分动植物生长异常,地形地貌变化,出现地球化学、地球物理、气象等异常。这些特征总体又分为两方面:一是与断裂相关,断裂的形成又是岩石性质与力两个因素作用的结果;二是与水相关。主要从断裂降压与水相变两个方面研究,进一步完善岩石圈中断裂降压与水二级相变时临界奇性耦合触发地震的机制,在此基础上提出了水的临界奇异性致震说。(1)由于脆、韧性断裂(或带)降压和聚水,致使地壳和上地幔局部区域的压力下降和温度上升,使温度和压力同时达到水的临界值,从而引发水的二级相变。(2)在临界点处的水二级相变时,物理化学性质发生奇异性突变,特别是水对固相溶解行为的奇异突变行为,使得地壳和上地幔局部的力学性质突变减弱;同时,二级相变时水C_V的突变趋于无穷大,据Mie-Grüneisen公式热压(即热应力)趋于无穷大。断裂降压,造成岩石圈局部温压同时达到水的临界值,水发生二级相变,从而至少在以上两方面的作用下,引发局部水热爆炸而触发地震。(3)地震震级与水发生二级相变时的断裂局部聚水量呈正相关。(4)水临界奇异性会导致许多物理化学性质突变,是地震时各种地球化学、地球物理、动植物生长、气象等异常的根源,也是地震监测的主要指标。(5)初步讨论了地震与热液成矿、油气形成等地质作用之间的关联。(6)这个地震成因理论主要用于壳内强震机制解释。

关键词: 临界奇异性, 二级相变, 突变, 降压, 水, 地震成因

Abstract:

Through the examination of a large number of seismic phenomena and thermodynamical analysis of seismic processes, we found the common characteristics of earthquakes which included plane zonation, correlation with faults, multiple seismic layers occurring in the lithosphere, high conductivity and low velocity layers in the deep part of the affected area, close relationship with water, short and sudden main quake, abnormal behavior of some animals and plants, topographic and geomorphological changes, and geochemical, geophysical and meteorological anomalies. As a whole, these characteristics can be divided into two kinds: one relates to faults affected by rock properties and force; and the other relates to water. In this study, focusing on fault depressurization and water phase transition, we improved the theory stating that the coupling of the singularity of critical point behavior of water during second-order phase transition, and fault depressurization in lithosphere, triggers earthquake. On this basis, we proposed the theory of earthquake triggering by the singularity of critica point behavior of water as follows: (1) Depressurization and water accumulation in brittle and ductile fractures (or zones) cause pressure decrease and temperature rise in some areas of crust and upper mantle; as temperature and pressure of water simultaneously reach the critical values of water, the second order phase transition is induced. (2) At the critical point of second order phase transition of water, change of water physico-chemical properties is abrupt. In particular, sudden change of solubility of solids in water abruptly weakens the local mechanical properties of the crust and upper mantle, while thermal pressure (i.e. thermal stress) approaches infinity, according to the Mie-Grüneisen formula, as water C_V approaches infinity during the second order phase transition. Fracturing depressurization causes the local temperature and pressure of the lithosphere to reach the critical values of water at the same time thus induces second order phase transition. These factors trigger the local hydro-thermal explosion to form earthquake. And (3) Earthquake magnitude is positively correlated with the amount of local accumulation of water undergoing second order phase transition in faults. The critical behavior of water, i.e., sudden change of many physico-chemical properties, is the source of various anomalies in geochemistry, geophysics, plant and animal growth, meteorology and so on, and is also the main indicator in earthquake monitoring.We also briefly discussed correlation between earthquakes and hydro-thermal metallogeny or oil and gas formation or other geological processes. The theory we proposed here is mainly used to explain the mechanism of strong earthquakes in the Earth’s crust.

Key words: the singularity of critical point behavior, second order phase transition, mutation, depressurization, water, seismic origin

中图分类号:

P315.1

胡宝群, 高海东, 王运, 李满根, 白丽红, 孙占学. 水的临界奇异性致震说[J]. 地学前缘, 2020, 27(1): 234-243.

HU Baoqun, GAO Haidong, WANG Yun, LI Mangen, BAI Lihong, SUN Zhanxue. Theory of earthquake triggering by the singularity of critical point behavior of water[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 2020, 27(1): 234-243.

图/表 2

图1 水的相图和岩石圈中水热容(Cp)的突渐变规律(据文献[17,20-22]) A—岩石圈温压范围内水的相图及典型地温线,显示地温线因压力太高、明显偏离水相变线,必须要有断裂降压才能发生引发水相变。L—液相区;G—气相区;SCF—超临界区。B—计算出水临界附近水的热容值,是以热容值为代表显示在临界点处水的理化性质奇异性突变,而趋于无穷大。C—以热容值为代表显示没有断裂降压、封闭的岩石圈中,按正常地温线,水的物理化学性质只有小幅度渐变而无突变。

Fig.1 Phase diagram (A) and the sudden (near critical point) (B) and gradual (C) change of heat capacity (Cp) of water in the lithosphere. Adapted from [17, 20-22].

图2 水的临界奇异性触发地震模式的示意图 (1)多震层深度10.0~23.3 km是按地表25 ℃,中上地壳15~35 ℃/km线性地温梯度计算出来的。(2)出现水的临界奇异性,温压条件是374.15 ℃和22.1 MPa。在正常的地温梯度下,多震层的压力都远大于水临界压力,因此必须要有断裂降压才能达到水临界压力,从而温压同时达到水的临界值引发二级相变进而触发地震。(3)断裂带连通了岩石圈中不同的高导低速层,在断裂降压作用下,伴随有聚水、升温作用,在岩石圈的局部达到水的临界温压值,发生二级相变,出现水的物理化学性质的临界奇异性而发生爆炸、触发地震。

Fig.2 A sketch model of earthquake triggering by the singularity of critical point behavior of water

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