葛洲坝库区裂隙河岸地表水-地下水交互特征

doi:10.13745/j.esf.sf.2025.10.5

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

地表水-地下水交互是流域水循环与物质迁移的关键过程,其机制取决于河岸带含水层结构与水动力特征的精细刻画。现有研究多聚焦于沉积河岸带,而岩溶裂隙河岸带因介质非均质性与流动路径复杂性,其交互机制仍存在认知空白。本研究以葛洲坝库区南岸典型裂隙河岸带为靶区,通过钻孔监测网络解析地下水对长江水位波动的响应模式,并构建三维基岩裂隙-溶蚀宽大裂隙耦合数值模型,定量刻画双层裂隙含水系统的水量交换过程。主要结论如下:(1)研究区地下水赋存体系为双层裂隙含水层系统复合3条宽大裂隙密集带。地下水动态受长江水位的调控较为明显;(2)深层含水层排泄量大于浅层含水层;(3)宽大裂隙是地下水赋存迁移以及与长江进行水量交换的主要通道,其排泄量比基岩裂隙含水层高3个量级;(4)宽大裂隙是浅、深层裂隙含水层之间水量交换的主要通道。本研究定量刻画了裂隙河岸带双层裂隙-岩溶耦合系统的交互通量与通道效应,为基岩区河岸带水资源精细管理和长江大保护提供了可直接落地的科学依据与技术范式。

关键词: 葛洲坝库区, 地表水-地下水交互, 裂隙河岸带, 数值模拟

Abstract:

Surface water-groundwater interaction is a critical driver of basin-scale water cycling and solute transport. Its mechanisms hinge on fine-scale characterization of aquifer structure and hydrodynamics within riverbank zones. While previous studies have concentrated on alluvial banks, the exchange processes in fractured-bedrock riverbanks remain poorly understood due to geological heterogeneity and complex flow paths. Taking a representative fractured riverbank on the south shore of the Gezhouba Reservoir as a test site, we established a borehole monitoring network to characterize the groundwater response to Yangtze River stage fluctuations and developed a three-dimensional (3-D) coupled fracture-karst numerical model to quantify water exchange within the dual-layer fractured system. Key findings include: (1) The groundwater system consists of a dual-layer fractured aquifer intersected by three large karst conduits, with groundwater dynamics strongly regulated by river stage; (2) Discharge from the deeper layer exceeds that from the shallow layer; (3) The large conduits serve as the dominant pathways for groundwater storage, migration, and exchange with the Yangtze River, with discharge rates three orders of magnitude higher than the fractured aquifer matrix; (4) These conduits mediate inter-layer water transfer between the shallow and deep fractured aquifers. By quantifying exchange fluxes and conduit effects in the fractured-karst riverbank system, this study provides a transferable framework and technical paradigm for refined water-resource management at bedrock riverbanks and to support conservation efforts in the Yangtze River.

Key words: Gezhouba Reservoir, surface water-groundwater interaction, fractured riverbank, numerical modeling

中图分类号:

P641
P628.3

文章, 李一鸣, 郭绪磊, 万坦, 罗清树, 周宏. 葛洲坝库区裂隙河岸地表水-地下水交互特征[J]. 地学前缘, 2026, 33(1): 1-13.

WEN Zhang, LI Yiming, GUO Xulei, WAN Tan, LUO Qingshu, ZHOU Hong. Characteristics of surface water-groundwater interaction in the fractured riverbank of the Gezhouba Reservoir area[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 2026, 33(1): 1-13.

图/表 17

图1 研究区地层概况及钻孔示意图

Fig.1 Stratigraphic framework and borehole profile of the study area

图2 钻孔结构柱状图、水文地质描述、岩心成像记录、岩心编录以及测井结果 (a)ZK08;(b)ZK09。图中蓝色框线为主要出水段位置。

Fig.2 Borehole lithological columns, hydrogeological descriptions, core imaging records, core logging data, and well-logging results: (a) ZK08; (b) ZK09. The blue boxes indicate the main water-bearing (aquifer) sections.

图3 地下水赋存模式示意图

Fig.3 Schematic diagram of groundwater occurrence

表1 3条大裂隙坐标信息及发育情况

Table 1 Coordinates and characteristics of the three major fractures

	裂隙编号	深度/m	介质充填情况	岩性	倾向/(°)	倾角/(°)	隙宽/m
ZK09	1	49	无充填	粗晶白云岩	50	85	0.1
	2	11	无充填	粗晶白云岩	307	76	0.03
	3	78.4	无充填	粗晶白云岩	83	70	0.08
ZK08	1	32.7	局部泥质充填	粗晶白云岩	48	86	0.1
	2	20.3	局部泥质充填	粗晶白云岩	312	70	0.03
	3	44.5	局部方解石充填	粗晶白云岩	89	73	0.08

图4 长江、ZK08和ZK09水位变化图

Fig.4 Temporal variations in water levels of the Yangtze River, ZK08, and ZK09

图5 模拟场区示意图(蓝色为模拟区域,红色为钻孔位置)

Fig.5 Schematic diagram of the simulated field area (blue indicates the simulation domain, and red marks the well locations)

图6 含水层刻画示意图

Fig.6 Schematic diagram of aquifer characterization

图7 裂隙分布示意图 a—裂隙1;b—裂隙2;c—裂隙3。

Fig.7 Schematic diagram showing the distribution of fractures

表2 模型参数

Table 2 Model parameters

描述	符号	值
浅层含水层渗透系数	K₁	1×10^-3 m/d
浅层含水层孔隙度	θ₁	0.2
深层含水层渗透系数	K₂	1×10^-2 m/d
深层含水层孔隙度	θ₂	0.25
重力加速度	g	10 m/s²
流体运动粘度	v	1×10^-6 m²/s
流体的动力黏度	μ	1×10³ Pa·s
裂隙隙宽	m	0.03、0.08、0.1 m

图8 模拟值与实测地下水位值随时间的变化

Fig.8 Temporal variations of simulated and observed groundwater levels a—ZK08; b—ZK09。

图9 模拟值与实测地下水位值1∶1对比图

Fig.9 1∶1 comparison between simulated and observed groundwater levels a—ZK08; b—ZK09。

图10 初始时刻水头分布图

Fig.10 Spatial distribution of hydraulic head at the initial time

图11 初始时刻裂隙流速流向

Fig.11 Flow velocity and direction within fractures at the initial time

图12 平行长江截面位置及地下水流场

Fig.12 Location of the cross-section parallel to the Yangtze River and the groundwater flow field

图13 垂直长江截面位置及地下水流场

Fig.13 Location of the cross-section perpendicular to the Yangtze River and the groundwater flow field

图14 地表水-地下水交互通量 a—裂隙含水层;b—大裂隙。

Fig.14 Surface water-groundwater exchange fluxes

图15 地层界面处裂隙水通量 a—浅-中层;b—中-深层。

Fig.15 Fracture water fluxes at stratigraphic interfaces

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