水下喷发火山碎屑岩储层特征及主控因素:以新西兰Taranaki盆地中新世Kora火山为例

doi:10.13745/j.esf.sf.2020.11.12

地学前缘 ›› 2021, Vol. 28 ›› Issue (1): 375-387.DOI: 10.13745/j.esf.sf.2020.11.12

水下喷发火山碎屑岩储层特征及主控因素:以新西兰Taranaki盆地中新世Kora火山为例

唐华风¹^,²^,³^,⁴(), 王寒非², BenKENNEDY², 张芯语⁴, MarcosROSSETTI², AlanPatrickBISCHOFF², AndrewNICOL²

1. 自然资源部东北亚矿产资源评价重点实验室, 吉林长春 130061
2. 坎特伯雷大学地球与环境学院, 新西兰坎特伯雷基督城 8140
3. 教育部东北亚生命与环境演化重点实验室(吉林大学), 吉林长春 130061
4. 吉林大学地球科学学院, 吉林长春 130061

收稿日期:2020-09-25 修回日期:2020-10-25 出版日期:2021-01-25 发布日期:2021-01-28
作者简介:唐华风(1979—),男,博士,教授,博士生导师,主要从事火山地层和火山岩储层综合研究。E-mail: tanghfhc@jlu.edu.cn
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金重大项目(41790453);国家科技重大专项(2016ZX05026-004);吉林省自然科学基金项目(20170101001JC)

Characteristics and controlling factors of volcanic reservoirs of subaqueous pyroclastic rocks: An analysis of the Miocene Kora Volcano in the Taranaki Basin, New Zealand

TANG Huafeng¹^,²^,³^,⁴(), WANG Hanfei², Ben KENNEDY², ZHANG Xinyu⁴, Marcos ROSSETTI², Alan Patrick BISCHOFF², Andrew NICOL²

1. Key Laboratory of Mineral Resources Evaluation in Northeast Asia, Ministry of Natural Resources, Changchun 130061, China
2. Department of Geological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
3. Key Laboratory for Evolution of Past Life and Environment in Northeast Asia (Jilin University), Ministry of Education, Changchun 130061,China
4. College of Earth Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130061, China

Received:2020-09-25 Revised:2020-10-25 Online:2021-01-25 Published:2021-01-28

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

新西兰Taranaki盆地中新世Kora火山是海底喷发形成的碎屑岩型火山,可代表浅埋藏火山岩的储层特征。本文根据5口钻井的孔隙度、渗透率、孔隙孔径和铸体薄片开展Kora火山的储层特征、储集空间组成、缝宽以及原生和次生孔隙之间关系的分析。研究结果如下:(1)储集空间主要为次生孔隙,然后是裂缝和原生孔隙;Kora火山具有高孔隙度和高渗透率特征,孔径具有双峰到单峰的分布特征。(2)炸裂缝、淬火缝和粒间孔形成于岩浆破碎和/或喷发期间;在晚Tortonian期间产生了网状构造裂缝,在Tortonian晚期至Messinian早期产生规则构造裂缝,二者形成时间均早于原油充注;筛状孔和铸模孔应由风化阶段和/或埋藏阶段的溶蚀作用形成,晶间微孔应由埋藏阶段的蚀变和/或重结晶作用形成。(3)原生孔隙控制次生孔隙的分布,特别是原生的裂缝;在Kora火山中控制筛状孔和铸模孔形成的缝宽的阈值约为9 μm,较宽的裂缝可优先促成筛状孔和铸模孔的形成。(4)再搬运火山颗粒含量的增加会显著降低高孔隙度岩石的总孔隙度;近源相带的孔隙度和渗透率高于远源相带,海底喷发火山远源相带发生的强烈钙质胶结可显著减少孔隙度和渗透率。相关认识可为火山岩储层形成、演化和分布规律研究提供依据。

关键词: Taranaki盆地, 中新世, 火山岩储层, 裂缝, 形成机理, 主控因素

Abstract:

A clear understanding of the reservoir characteristics and formation process is important for analyzing the distribution of favorable reservoirs and evaluating their qualities. However, the multi-component and multi-feature characteristics of volcanic rocks can complicate the reservoir formation process. Here, we used a dataset of porosity, permeability, pore aperture and thin section from 5 boreholes to analyze the reservoir characteristics, components of void space, fracture aperture and relationship between the primary and secondary porosities in the Kora Volcano. The followings are the results: Firstly, the porosity is mainly contributed from secondary pores, followed by fractures then primary pores. The Kora Volcano has high porosity and permeability and bimodal to unimodal pore aperture. Secondly, the microfractures should have been generated during the magma fragmentation and/or eruptive period(s). The macrofractures were generated by the compressional tectonism and had existed before the oil charging. The sieve and moldic pores should have been generated during the weathering and deep burial stages. The intercrystal micropores were generated by the alteration and/or devitrification diagenesis during the burial stage. Thirdly, the primary porosity controls the secondary porosity. The threshold value of fracture aperture for generating sieve and moldic pores is ca. 9 μm in the Kora Volcano. The bigger aperture of fracture appeared prior to the sieve and moldic pores. And finally, the increasing content of non-juvenile particles could remarkable decrease the total porosity, especially in high porosity rocks. The porosity and permeability of proximal belt are higher than those of distal belt. The calcite cementation also reduced the porosity and permeability of tuffaceous sedimentary rocks, especially in the distal belt of submarine eruption volcano. The findings presented in this work can provide insights into the origin, evolution and distribution of volcanic reservoirs.

Key words: Taranaki Basin, Miocene, volcanic reservoirs, fracture, reservoir origin, controlling factors

中图分类号:

唐华风, 王寒非, BenKENNEDY, 张芯语, MarcosROSSETTI, AlanPatrickBISCHOFF, AndrewNICOL. 水下喷发火山碎屑岩储层特征及主控因素:以新西兰Taranaki盆地中新世Kora火山为例[J]. 地学前缘, 2021, 28(1): 375-387.

TANG Huafeng, WANG Hanfei, Ben KENNEDY, ZHANG Xinyu, Marcos ROSSETTI, Alan Patrick BISCHOFF, Andrew NICOL. Characteristics and controlling factors of volcanic reservoirs of subaqueous pyroclastic rocks: An analysis of the Miocene Kora Volcano in the Taranaki Basin, New Zealand[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 2021, 28(1): 375-387.

图/表 14

图1 新西兰Taranaki盆地中新世Kora火山位置图 (a)—Taranaki盆地的区域位置;(b)—Mohakatino火山带[30];(c)—Kora火山的顶面埋深(时间域)。

Fig.1 Maps showing the location of the Miocene Kora Volcano in the Taranaki Basin, New Zealand

图2 新西兰Taranaki 盆地综合柱状图 KV代表Kora火山;地层厚度和延伸范围未按比例。

Fig.2 Composite column of the Taranaki Basin in New Zealand

图3 新西兰Taranaki盆地中新世Kora火山的取心段特征

Fig.3 Characteristics of core sections of the Miocene Kora Volcano in the Taranaki Basin, New Zealand

图4 新西兰Taranaki盆地中新世Kora火山的储集空间特征 a—Kora-1,1 990.1 m,凝灰岩富含晶屑,斜长石含有微裂缝;b—Kora-1a,1 894.12 m,凝灰质砾岩的安山岩岩屑;c—Kora-1,1 803.0 m,凝灰岩富含灰分,斜长石和基质中存在微裂缝;d—Kora-3,1 793.5 m,钙质胶结的凝灰质砂岩,高角度的规则裂缝充填方解石和石油;e—Kora-3,1 794.5 m,钙质胶结的凝灰质砂岩,中角度到高角度的规则裂缝充填方解石;f—Kora-3,1 781.5 m,钙质胶结的凝灰质砂岩,网状不规则裂缝充填方解石和石油;g—Kora-1,1 912.86 m,凝灰岩富含晶屑;h,i—Kora-1a,1 894.12 m,凝灰质砾岩中的安山岩岩屑;j—Kora-1a,1 790.98 m,凝灰岩;k—Kora-1,2 229.7 m,凝灰质砾岩中的凝灰岩碎屑;l—Kora-1,2 234.7 m,凝灰质砾岩中的凝灰岩碎屑。A—角闪石;P—斜长石;O—不透明矿物;C—炸裂缝;QF—冷凝收缩缝;TF—构造裂缝;IP—粒间孔;MP—铸模孔;SSP—筛状孔;CP—洞穴状孔;LP—晶屑中海绵状孔;SpP—基质中海绵状孔。图片是单偏光蓝色铸体照片,插图是正交偏光照片。

Fig.4 Void space characteristics of the Miocene Kora Volcano in the Taranaki Basin, New Zealand

图5 新西兰Taranaki盆地中新世Kora火山的储集空间类型对总孔隙度的贡献特征 IP—粒间孔;MP—铸模孔;SSP—筛状孔;CP—洞穴状孔;LP—晶屑中海绵状孔;SpP—基质中海绵状孔;F—裂缝(包括炸裂缝、冷凝收缩缝和构造裂缝)。在Matlab软件中,通过蓝色图像的分割,结合人工区分各类孔隙,对IP、MP、SSP、CP和F的面孔率,即是图像的直接计算结果。LP和SpP两类孔隙的实际面孔率(φ(LP+SpP))需要通过公式φ(LP+SpP)=S(LP+SpP)×10%计算,S(LP+SpP)为LP和SsP区域的占比,根据蓝色铸体薄片的蓝色部分计算出来的面积比。10%是利用扫描电子显微镜估计的海绵状孔隙和内溶蚀微孔的几何平均值[34]。对Kora-1井、Kora-1a井和Kora-2井的52幅图像进行了面孔率计算。

Fig.5 Contribution of each kind of void space to the total porosity of rocks in the Miocene Kora Volcano in the Taranaki Basin, New Zealand

图6 新西兰Taranaki 盆地中新世Kora火山的空隙度和渗透率特征(其他数据据文献[36,37]) n为样品数。在坎特伯雷大学完成强胶结凝灰质砾岩样品的测试。储层分区据文献[35]。

Fig.6 Porosity and Permeability characteristics of the Miocene Kora Volcano in the Taranaki Basin, New Zealand (Other data from [36-37])

图7 新西兰Taranaki盆地中新世Kora火山的孔隙直径特征(数据据文献[38]) (a)—凝灰岩;(b)—块状强胶结的凝灰质砾岩;(c)—凝灰质砂岩、角砾岩和砂岩;(d)—凝灰质砾岩。

Fig.7 Pore aperture diameter characteristics of the Miocene Kora Volcano in the Taranaki Basin, New Zealand (data after [38])

图8 新西兰Taranaki盆地中新世Kora火山的溶蚀溶解程度特征颗粒支撑的凝灰岩如图Kora-1/1 803.0 m(a)、Kora-1/1 910.42 m(b)和Kora-1/1 912.86 m(c)所示,分别表现了弱、中、强程度的溶解作用。角砾岩中的熔结凝灰岩碎屑如图Kora-1a/1 911.95 m(d,e,f)所示,分别表现了弱、中、强程度的溶解和溶蚀作用。凝灰质砾岩中的熔岩碎屑如图Kora-1a/1 901.48 m(g)和Kora-1a/1 894.12 m(h,i)所示,分别表现了弱、中、强程度的溶解作用。A—角闪石;P—斜长石;O—不透明矿物;QF—冷凝收缩缝;TF—构造裂缝;IP—粒间孔;MP—铸模孔;SSP—筛状孔;CP—洞穴状孔;LP—晶屑中海绵状孔;SpP—基质中海绵状孔。镜下照片是单偏光蓝色铸体照片,插图是正交偏光照片。

Fig.8 Comparison of alteration intensity and dissolution diagenesis in pyroclastic rocks and tuffetite in the Miocene Kora Volcano in the Taranaki Basin, New Zealand

图9 新西兰Taranaki盆地中新世Kora火山的储层演化示意图 A—角闪石;P—斜长石;O—不透明矿物;F—裂缝;IP—粒间孔;MP—铸模孔;SSP—筛状孔;LP—晶屑中海绵状孔;SpP—基质中海绵状孔。图片是单片光蓝色铸体照片。

Fig.9 Pore formation process in the Miocene Kora Volcano in the Taranaki Basin, New Zealand

图10 新西兰Tarananki 盆地中新世Kora火山裂缝宽度特征 n为样品数。数据来自Kora-1井、Kora-1a井和Kora-2井22个薄片的118张照片。利用铸体薄片进行显微镜下测量得到缝宽。确定真实裂缝的依据有如下几方面:一是发生了溶蚀溶解作用;二是裂缝切割了岩屑或晶屑;三是裂缝中有硅质、钙质或泥质充填。由于岩石处于弱固结的状态,铸体薄片中也发现了一些样品制备过程中产生的诱导缝,该部分裂缝根据新鲜的切割边和良好的可拼合性特征进行排除。

Fig.10 Fracture aperture characteristics of the Miocene Kora Valcano in the Taranaki Basin, New Zealand

图11 不同初始缝宽的裂缝与6μm裂缝的缝宽演化的对比示意图图片仅讨论了流体对裂缝的渗透能力。流体和岩石具有相同的性质,假设水中酸性物质完全反应。

Fig.11 Comparisons of the pore evolution of the 6 μm diameter pore with others

图12 新西兰Taranaki盆地中新世Kora火山各类碎屑的储集空间构成和面孔率特征 n为样品数。F—裂缝;IP—粒间孔;MP—铸模孔;SSP—筛状孔;CP—洞穴状孔;LP—晶屑中海绵状孔;SpP—基质中海绵状孔。

Fig.12 Contribution of each kind of void space to total porosity in and surface porosity characteristics of volcanic particles from the Miocene Kora Volcano in the Taranaki Basin, New Zealand. (a,b) Tuff fragment; (c,d) Welded tuff fragment; and (e,f) Andesite fragment.

图13 新西兰Taranaki盆地中新世Kora火山再搬运火山碎屑含量与孔隙度的关系示意图

Fig.13 Relationship between the nonjuvenile particle content and porosity in the Miocene Kora Volcano in the Taranaki Basin, New Zealand

图14 新西兰Taranaki盆地中新世Kora火山机构相带与孔隙度的关系 n—样品数。

Fig.14 Relationship between the facies belt and porosity in the Miocene Kora Volcano in the Taranaki Basin, New Zealand

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水下喷发火山碎屑岩储层特征及主控因素:以新西兰Taranaki盆地中新世Kora火山为例

Characteristics and controlling factors of volcanic reservoirs of subaqueous pyroclastic rocks: An analysis of the Miocene Kora Volcano in the Taranaki Basin, New Zealand

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