鄂尔多斯盆地中—晚三叠世盆地原型及构造古地理响应

doi:10.13745/j.esf.sf.2020.5.2

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

中—晚三叠世的鄂尔多斯盆地沉积了一套优质的砂岩储层,目前对该套砂岩的成因及其空间分布已经有了成熟的认识,然而在中—晚三叠世鄂尔多斯原型盆地的确切边界位置、盆内古地理演化的构造成因机制等问题上依然存在不少争议。本文通过对鄂尔多斯盆内及周缘57个露头及165口钻井的层序地层学与沉积学研究,厘定了鄂尔多斯盆地在中—晚三叠世的边界位置并在层序格架下开展了古地理演化研究,同时探讨了古地理演化的构造成因。研究表明:中—晚三叠世鄂尔多斯盆地的北部边界从内蒙古的达拉特旗向东延伸至山西大同,东部边界应在山西宁武—太原—太谷—永和—河南安阳—开封—登封一线附近,南部边界为北秦岭(NQT)与华北板块的缝合带(陕西西安—洛南—河南栾川—南召沿线以南),西南以六盘山的西部断层边缘为界,西北界位于贺兰山西部断层边缘带,西部边界延伸至河西走廊盆地的西部边界(甘肃马良沟附近)。在中—上三叠统延长组识别出4个沉积旋回(SQ1-SQ4),代表了从起始阶段(SQ1)到最大沉降阶段(SQ2和SQ3)再到后期关闭阶段(SQ4)的湖泊演化过程。中—晚三叠世鄂尔多斯盆地内呈现出北部/东北部的曲流河-三角洲沉积体系和南部/西南部冲积扇-辫状河-三角洲沉积体系汇聚的沉积格局,在空间上表现出明显的南北差异,在时间上呈现出沉积中心的东-西破坏分异的演化特征。这种古地貌差异和演化主要受控于秦岭—大别山造山带(QDOB)与兴安岭—蒙古造山带(XMOB)的不同构造演化过程。盆地南部的古地理演化主要受控于QDOB的活动,中—晚三叠世勉略洋闭合驱动的北秦岭造山带活化不仅导致盆地南部陡坡带的形成和盆地东南部古地貌的突变,也导致晚三叠世盆地西南部发育一个分隔内克拉通盆地及西南缘类前陆盆地的水下低隆。盆地西部的古地貌演化受控于多种构造机制,中三叠世现今六盘山地区发育一个南北向的低隆区,很可能是盆地东南部的强烈挤压下的远端效应;晚三叠世中期后该低隆区发生下沉,现今鄂尔多斯盆地与河西走廊地区连通,这很可能是由盆地西南方特提斯构造域挤压作用下的盆内挠曲沉降导致的。这些认识不仅是对盆山耦合理论的补充,也对鄂尔多斯盆地石油和天然气的后期勘探具有重要的现实意义。

关键词: 鄂尔多斯盆地, 三叠纪, 原型盆地, 层序地层学, 盆山耦合

Abstract:

The Ordos Basin deposited a large set of high quality sandstone reservoirs during the late Middle to Late Triassic. The sedimentary origin of the sandstone reservoirs and their distribution in the basin are well understood. However, the exact paleoboundary of the Ordos Basin and the tectogenetic mechanism of the paleogeographical evolution of the basin are still unclear. Here, by conducting detailed stratigraphic and sequence analyses of 165 boreholes and 57 outcrops in the Ordos Basin and its surrounding basins, we determined the Middle-Late Triassic boundary of the Ordos Basin, and explored the paleogeographic evolution and tectogenesis of the basin. The basin is constrained by the Dalateqi, Inner Mongolia and Datong, Shanxi boundaries to the north, the Ningwu-Taiyuan-Yushe, Shanxi and Anyang-Henan-Kaifeng-Dengfeng, Henan boundaries to the east, the suture zone between the North Qinling Terrance (NQT) and the North China Block (or the Chenhe-Luonan, Shanxi and Nanzhao, Henan boundaries) to the south, and the Malianggou, Gansu boundary to the west. Its northwestern boundary extends along the western margin of the Helan Mountain fault zone. The Middle-Upper Triassic Yanchang Formation can be divided into four sedimentary cycles (SQ1-SQ4), representing the lake evolutionary process from the initial stage (SQ1) to the maximum subsidence stage (SQ2 and SQ3) and then to the later closing stage (SQ4). The sedimentary pattern of the Ordos Basin features a meandering river-delta sedimentary system in the north-northeast and an alluvial fan-braided river-delta sedimentary system in the south-southwest, showing obvious N-S spatial differentiation and E-W temporal differential evolution of depocenter. Our study show that the depocenter migration and paleogeographic differentiation in the basin were controlled by the tectonic evolutions of the Qinling-Dabie Orogenic Belt (QDOB) in the south and the Xing’anling-Mongolia Orogenic Belt (XMOB) in the north. The paleogeographic evolution of the southern basin was mainly controlled by the QDOB activities. The activation of the North Qinling Orogenic Belt (NQOB), driven by the closure of the Mianlue Ocean in the Middle-Late Triassic, not only led to the formation of the southern steep slope of the basin and the abrupt paleogeomorphologic change in southeastern basin, but also the development of an underwater low uplift, separating the inner craton basin and the southwestern foreland-like basin in the Late Triassic. The paleogeomorphological evolution in western basin was controlled by complex structural mechanisms. There had been a minor north-south uplift in the western margin during the Middle Triassic, most likely affected by a strong compression occurred remotely in southeastern basin. During the middle Late Triassic, the uplift sink and the Ordos Basin area were connected to the Hexi Corridor Basin, presumably under the flexure subsidence effect of the extrusion stress in the Tethyan tectonic domain to the southwest. These results have present-day significance for the oil and gas exploration in the basin as well as for advancing the theory of basin-mountain coupling.

Key words: Ordos Basin, Triassic, prototype basin, sequence stratigraphy, basin-mountain coupling

中图分类号:

阮壮, 罗忠, 于炳松, 卢远征, 谢灏辰, 杨志辉. 鄂尔多斯盆地中—晚三叠世盆地原型及构造古地理响应[J]. 地学前缘, 2021, 28(1): 12-21.

RUAN Zhuang, LUO Zhong, YU Bingsong, LU Yuanzheng, XIE Haochen, YANG Zhihui. Middle-Late Triassic basin prototype and tectonic paleographic response in the Ordos Basin[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 2021, 28(1): 12-21.

图/表 14

Table 1 Stratigraphic correlation between the modern Ordos Basin the surrounding basins

图1 中—晚三叠世鄂尔多斯原型盆地边界(红色矩形框为图13范围)

Fig.1 Boundary of the Middle-Late Triassic prototype basin in the Ordos Basin (area enclosed in the red rectangle is the same area shown in Fig.13)

图2 鄂尔多斯盆地北部及东部边界露头剖面沉积序列及沉积相解释

Fig.2 Lithostratigraphic columns of Middle-Upper Triassic strata in the Gaotouyao, Ningwu and Chengliu sections, Ordos Basin

图3 鄂尔多斯盆地周缘露头岩石学特征 a—陕西窟野河剖面:长8段厚层橙色粗粒砂岩整合于长7段灰-绿色细粒砂岩与泥岩夹层之上,曲流河河道-泛滥平原沉积。b—河南济源盆地承留剖面:中—厚层砂岩与油页岩夹于杏黄色泥岩之间,黄线为岩性分界面,曲流河三角洲沉积。c—甘肃崆峒山剖面:延长组下部,厚层紫色灰质砾岩,冲积扇沉积。d—甘肃策底坡剖面:延长组中部,厚层灰绿色砾岩覆于中—厚层黄色砂岩之上的岩性分界面,冲积扇沉积。e—甘肃冬青沟剖面:南营儿组中部,厚层砂岩与粉砂质泥岩的旋回地层,实线为冲刷面,虚线为岩性分界面,曲流河三角洲沉积。f—宁夏汝萁沟剖面:延长组下部,黄绿色砾岩与黄绿色砂岩夹层,实线为砾岩和砂岩的岩性分界面,冲积扇沉积。

Fig.3 Lithological characteristics of outcrops around the Ordos Basin

图4 鄂尔多斯盆地南部边界露头剖面沉积序列及沉积相解释(图例见图2)

Fig.4 Lithostratigraphic columns of Middle-Upper Triassic strata in the Wulichuan, Liushan and Cedipo sections, Ordos Basin (See Fig.2 for figure legend)

图5 鄂尔多斯盆地西部边界露头剖面沉积序列及沉积相解释(图例见图2)

Fig.5 Lithostratigraphic columns of Middle-Upper Triassic strata in the Yaoshan, Malianggou and Ruishuihe sections, Ordos Basin (See Fig.2 for figure legend)

图6 鄂尔多斯盆地汭水河地区延长组层序及沉积相综合柱状图 MFS—最大洪泛面;SU—地表沉积间断;LAST—低可容空间体系域;HAST—高可容空间体系域。

Fig.6 Columnar section showing, from left to right, the sedimentary features of the floodplain, braided (meandering) river-deltaic and lacustrine facies as well as the sequence stratigraphic delineation of the Yanchang Formation in the Ruishuihe section, Ordos Basin

图7 鄂尔多斯盆地延长组东西向层序及沉积相对比剖面

Fig.7 Correlation of sequences and depositional facies of the Yanchang Formation from west to east across boreholes and outcrops in the Ordos Basin

图8 鄂尔多斯盆地延长组东北-西南向层序及沉积相对比剖面

Fig.8 Correlation of sequences and depositional facies of the Yanchang Formation from NE to SW across boreholes in the Ordos Basin

图9 鄂尔多斯原型盆地延长组SQ1—SQ4沉积旋回砂地比等值线图

Fig.9 Contour map of the sandstone/stratum thickness ratio for the depositional sequences (SQ1-SQ4) of the Yanchang Formation, Ordos Basin

图10 鄂尔多斯原型盆地延长组沉积序列的古地理图

Fig.10 Paleogeographic map of the depositional sequences of the Yanchang Formation, Ordos Basin

图11 中—晚三叠世鄂尔多斯盆地构造背景模型

Fig.11 A tectonic model of the Ordos Basin during the Middle-Late Triassic

图12 鄂尔多斯盆地东南部早—中三叠世与中—晚三叠世的沉积地貌演化

Fig.12 Sedimentary evolutions of the southeastern Ordos Basin in the Early-Middle Triassic and Middle-Late Triassic periods

图13 鄂尔多斯盆地延长组SQ3旋回地层厚度及西南缘沉积模式(A-A')

Fig.13 Stratigraphic thickness of the SQ3 unit in the Yanchang Formation and depositional pattern in the southwestern section (A-A') in the Ordos Basin

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