砂岩型铀矿形成的新模式:来自深部有机流体的成矿作用

doi:10.13745/j.esf.sf.2024.1.7

地学前缘 ›› 2024, Vol. 31 ›› Issue (1): 368-383.DOI: 10.13745/j.esf.sf.2024.1.7

• 沉积盆地分析与多种能源勘探 • 上一篇下一篇

砂岩型铀矿形成的新模式:来自深部有机流体的成矿作用

刘池洋¹(), 张龙², 黄雷¹, 吴柏林¹, 王建强¹, 张东东¹, 谭成仟², 马艳萍², 赵建社³

1.西北大学大陆动力学国家重点实验室, 地质学系, 陕西西安 710069
2.西安石油大学地球科学与工程学院, 陕西西安 710065
3.西北大学化学与材料科学学院, 陕西西安 710069

收稿日期:2024-01-08 修回日期:2024-01-24 出版日期:2024-01-25 发布日期:2024-01-25
作者简介:刘池阳(1953—),笔名刘池洋,男,教授,博士生导师,主要从事油气地质、能源地质、盆地动力学等方面的科研与教学工作。E-mail: lcy@nwu.edu.cn
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金项目(42230815);国家自然科学基金项目(42272148);国家自然科学基金项目(42302176);国家自然科学基金项目(41330315);国家自然科学基金项目(41972153);国家自然科学基金项目(41173060);国家自然科学基金项目(42172123);国家自然科学基金项目(42072170);西北大学大陆动力学国家重点实验室科学技术部专项(201210142)

Novel metallogenic model of sandstone-type uranium deposits: Mineralization by deep organic fluid

LIU Chiyang¹(), ZHANG Long², HUANG Lei¹, WU Bailin¹, WANG Jianqiang¹, ZHANG Dongdong¹, TAN Chengqian², MA Yanping², ZHAO Jianshe³

1. State Key Laboratory of Continental Dynamics, Department of Geology, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, China
2. School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Xi’an Shiyou University, Xi’an 710065, China
3. College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, China

Received:2024-01-08 Revised:2024-01-24 Online:2024-01-25 Published:2024-01-25

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

已有的铀成矿模式大多认为,砂岩型铀矿是浅表层含氧水从盆地周邻蚀源区析出携带的外源铀汇入盆地而成矿。本研究发现,鄂尔多斯盆地北部伊盟隆起东部砂岩型铀矿矿集区的地质演化、地貌特征和铀成矿与此成矿模式相悖。其中令人困惑的关键问题是铀成矿物质的来源。对研究区的代表性矿物铀石(形成于强还原环境)及其共生的矿物进行多种地球化学测试分析发现:铀矿区存在淡水低温和中高盐度热液两类截然不同的铀矿化环境;铀成矿年龄主体小于80 Ma。结合盆地煤系气源岩富铀、天然气耗散量巨大和在伊盟隆起发现大面积分布的多种与成熟煤型气耗散有关的蚀变产物和凝析油苗,综合相关模拟实验和测试分析,提出了铀源来自深部的铀成矿新模式:来自盆地中部深层富铀煤系地层中的溶气热流体,在向伊盟隆起东部高部位运移耗散过程中,萃取并携带母岩和沿途围岩富铀地层中的铀元素运移到浅层,随温压降低亮晶方解石与铀石相伴沉淀完成了热液成矿过程,被析出的大规模有机天然气则在浅表层低温成矿同时为铀矿的保存创造了还原环境。此铀成矿新模式拓展了盆地勘探铀矿的思路和领域,提升了多种能源矿产相互作用的成矿效应和综合评价预测的科学性。

关键词: 铀成矿新模式, 深部铀源, 天然气耗散, 热流体成矿, 鄂尔多斯盆地北部, 伊盟铀成矿区

Abstract:

Most existing metallogenic models maintain that sandstone-type uranium (U) deposits are formed by infiltration of exogenous uranium carried by near-surface oxygenated waters from erosion source areas into basins. However, this study finds that these traditional models fail to explain the geological evolution, geomorphological characteristics, and mineralization of sandstone-type uranium deposits in eastern Yimeng Uplift, northern Ordos Basin. The key issue is the material source of uranium mineralization. Geochemical analysis of representative minerals from this area, including coffinite (formed in a strongly reducing environment) and its associated minerals, reveal the existence of two distinct uranium mineralization environments: low-salinity meteoric waters and medium-high-salinity hydrothermal fluids, and primary uranium mineralization occurred less than 80 Ma. Considering the U-rich source rocks of coal-bearing strata in the basin, the enormous dissipation of natural gas, and the widespread distribution of various hydrocarbon alteration products and condensate oil traces related to the dissipation of mature coal-type gas in the Yimeng Uplift, a novel metallogenic model of large uranium deposits is proposed based on comprehensive simulation experiments and testing analysis. According to the new model, the uranium source originates from deep U-rich coal strata in the middle of the basin, where dissolved gases from thermal fluids migrate and dissipate towards higher elevations in the eastern Yimeng Uplift, extracting and carrying uranium from the source rock and uranium-rich strata along the way to shallower layers to cause sparry calcite and coffinite to precipitate as temperature/pressure decreases; meanwhile along with the near-surface, low temperature mineralization, massive exsolved natural gas creates a reducing environment for the preservation of uranium deposits. This new model of uranium mineralization opens up new horizons for uranium exploration in terms of exploration approaches and domains, and strengthens the scientific basis for polymineralization involving different mineral (metallic, non-metallic) and energy (hydrothermal, hydrocarbon) types, as well as prediction and evaluation of such polyminealization occurrences.

Key words: novel uranium metallogenic model, deep uranium source, natural gas dissipation, hydrothermal mineralization, northern ordos basin, Yimeng uranium district

中图分类号:

P619.14

刘池洋, 张龙, 黄雷, 吴柏林, 王建强, 张东东, 谭成仟, 马艳萍, 赵建社. 砂岩型铀矿形成的新模式:来自深部有机流体的成矿作用[J]. 地学前缘, 2024, 31(1): 368-383.

LIU Chiyang, ZHANG Long, HUANG Lei, WU Bailin, WANG Jianqiang, ZHANG Dongdong, TAN Chengqian, MA Yanping, ZHAO Jianshe. Novel metallogenic model of sandstone-type uranium deposits: Mineralization by deep organic fluid[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 2024, 31(1): 368-383.

图/表 11

图1 砂岩层间氧化带型铀成矿模式示意图

Fig.1 Metallogenic model for uranium deposit formed in sandstone interlayer oxidation zone

图2 研究区概况。(A)鄂尔多斯盆地北部地貌图及气藏、铀矿床分布;(B)研究区南北向地形剖面图;(C)研究区地质简图及铀矿床、油气耗散位置(B和C位置见图A)

Fig.2 Study area overview. (A) Topography map of northern Ordos Basin, showing the location of the study area and distribution of gas reservoirs and uranium deposits. (B) North-south topographic profile (Location see A). (C) Geological map showing the locations of uranium deposits and hydrocarbon seeps in the study area (Location see A).

图3 伊盟隆起砂岩型铀矿矿集区铀矿化年龄不同方法测试结果对比图(据文献[19]修改)

Fig.3 Metallogenic periods of primary uranium deposits in the Yimeng Uplift by different dating methods. Modified after [19].

图4 杭锦旗(纳岭沟)铀矿床两种不同环境和成因的砂岩型铀矿REE及同位素特征 A—铀石原位微区稀土元素配分模式;B—泥晶和亮晶方解石碳氧同位素组成;C—与铀石共生的黄铁矿微区硫同位素组成。

Fig.4 REE and Isotopic characteristics of two types of sandstone-type uranium deposits in Hangjinqi (Nalinggou) formed under different mineralization environments and metallogeneses

表1 I型和II型铀矿化环境主要差异对比表

Table 1 Main differences between type I and II uranium mineralization environments

成矿环境	温度	盐度	稀土元素	胶结物	硫同位素值	元素特征	集中成矿年限/Ma
I型:浅层低温淡水	低,<70 ℃	低,<8.00%	富LREE	泥晶方解石	偏负	富钒贫钇	≤68.6
II型:含气咸化热流体	高,140~160 ℃	高,8.00%~16.34%	富HREE	亮晶方解石	偏正	富钇贫钒	≤39

图5 黄铁矿和共生铀石矿物背散射电子图像 A—I型矿化砂岩中与铀石矿物共生的黄铁矿;B—II型含亮晶钙质胶结物矿化砂岩中与铀石矿物共生的黄铁矿。黑圈和数字表示黄铁矿fs-MC-LA-ICP-MS分析点位置及其硫同位素值(34SV-PDB/‰);Py=黄铁矿;Cof=铀石;Cal=方解石。

Fig.5 Back-scattered electron images of pyrite and associated coffinite

图6 矿化砂岩中亮晶方解石和古生界气藏中方解石胶结物的碳氧同位素组成

Fig.6 Carbon and oxygen isotopic composition of sparry calcite samples from ore-beading sandstones and calcite cements in Paleozoic gas reservoirs

图7 铀矿石亮晶方解石胶结物流体包裹体特征(C-F据文献[8]修改) A—单偏光下原生烃类流体包裹体(HI);B—紫外荧光下原生烃类流体包裹体(HI),与A同视域;C,D—单偏光下原生盐水包裹体(PI);E—均一温度分布图;F—盐度分布图。

Fig.7 Characterization of fluid inclusions in sparry calcite from uranium ores. C-F modified after [8].

图8 鄂尔多斯盆地中北部上古生界气田与煤系地层伽马异常分布图(据文献[35]修改)

Fig.8 Distribution map of Upper Paleozoic gas fields and gamma-ray anomalies in coal-bearing strata of the northern Ordos Basin. Modified after [35].

图9 铀成矿天然气成因的模拟实验-论证过程综合图(据文献[19]修改)

Fig.9 Layout of simulation experiment demonstrating the mechanism of uranium mineralization via interaction between U-bearing fluid and natural gas. Modified after [19].

图10 鄂尔多斯盆地中北部深部溶气含铀热流体向北运移-耗散的地质-成藏(矿)效应——砂岩型铀成矿新模式示意图

Fig.10 Influence of the northward migration-dissipation of coal-type natural gases on ore formation in the central-northern Ordos Basin

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砂岩型铀矿形成的新模式:来自深部有机流体的成矿作用

Novel metallogenic model of sandstone-type uranium deposits: Mineralization by deep organic fluid

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