海底氢气成藏模式与全球分布

doi:10.13745/j.esf.sf.2024.6.98

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

氢能是一种清洁、高效、零碳的顶极能源。天然氢的形成和运聚与板块构造活动密切相关。地球作为整个太阳系已知唯一发育有板块构造和表面存在液态水的岩质星球，具备地球脱气、蛇纹岩水岩反应、水辐射分解等独特的地质生氢路径。占据现今地球表面面积2/3的海底，发育洋壳甚至有地幔物质的直接剥露，具备蛇纹石化形成天然氢的巨大潜力。海底天然氢有沿微板块边界的大量氢气产出机制和海底裂缝导致的海底渗透型的另类机制，现今海底微板块边界、洋底高原、海底裂隙系统、沿超慢速-慢速洋中脊和非火山型被动陆缘出露的微幔块都是寻找天然氢的有利目标，南海东北陆缘的“陆壳裂洞”也十分值得关注。由于不同构造环境的天然氢的形成和储存条件存在较大差异，天然氢在生成、运移和存储等方面存在多样性和差异性，因此难以建立一套统一的氢气成藏模式，也无法精准确定潜在资源量。已有的氢气显示和预测的有利生氢场所，能否成藏、成藏机制如何以及如何开发利用，也依然是未来需要探索的问题。

关键词: 成藏模式, 蛇纹石化, 微板块, 海底氢气藏, 成藏模式, 热液系统, 蛇纹石化, 海底裂隙, 微板块, 热液系统, 海底裂隙

Abstract:

Hydrogen energy is a clean, efficient, and zero-carbon energy source. The formation, transportation, and accumulation of natural hydrogen are closely related to plate tectonics. As the only rocky planet in the solar system known to have plate tectonics and liquid water, Earth has unique geological hydrogen generation pathways such as degassing, serpentinization, and water radiolysis. The ocean-floor, which occupies two-thirds of the Earth’s surface, has great potential for natural hydrogen generation through serpentinization, due to the extensive exposure of oceanic crust or mantle along or around microplate boundaries and ocean-floor fissures. Microplate boundaries, submarine plateaus, ocean floor fracture zones, micro-mantle blocks, and non-volcanic passive continental margins are favorable targets for exploring ocean-floor natural hydrogen. The northeastern continental margin of the South China Sea is also worthy of attention. However, it is difficult to establish a unified ocean-floor hydrogen accumulation model due to the significant differences and diversity in the formation, migration, and storage conditions of natural hydrogen in different tectonic settings. The predicted hydrogen sites, whether they can form reservoirs, how they form reservoirs, and the related exploitation and utilization technologies need to be explored in the future.

Key words: ocean-floor hydrogen, accumulation model, serpentinization, ocean-floor hydrogen, accumulation model, microplate, serpentinization, hydrothermal system, microplate, ocean-floor fissures, hydrothermal system, ocean-floor fissures

中图分类号:

索艳慧, 姜兆霞, 李三忠, 吴立新. 海底氢气成藏模式与全球分布[J]. 地学前缘, 2024, 31(4): 175-182.

SUO Yanhui, JIANG Zhaoxia, LI Sanzhong, WU Lixin. Ocean-floor hydrogen accumulation model and global distribution[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 2024, 31(4): 175-182.

图/表 2

图1 海底天然氢成藏模式 ①—非火山型被动陆缘；②—海洋核杂岩（OCC）；③—洋脊增生系统；④—海底热液系统；⑤—洋底高原；⑥—俯冲带外缘隆起；⑦—地幔楔；⑧—俯冲板片。

Fig. 1 Ocean-floor hydrogen accumulation model. ①—non-volcanic passive continental margin; ②—oceanic core complex (OCC); ③—ridge accretion system; ④—submarine hydrothermal system; ⑤—oceanic plateau; ⑥—outer rise of subduction zone; ⑦—mantle wedge; ⑧—subducting slab.

图2 全球微板块分布及高浓度（体积分数超过10%）天然氢案例发育位置（天然氢案例点位数据引自文献[28] ；底图为微板块划分方案引自文献[6]）

Fig. 2 Distribution of global microplates and locations of high concentration (volume fraction over 10%) natural hydrogen cases. Locations of hydrogen detections after [28]; microplate boundaries from [6].

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