南海陆缘“拆离—核杂岩型”盆地发现与油气地质条件:以南海北部开平凹陷为例

doi:10.13745/j.esf.sf.2024.7.1

地学前缘 ›› 2024, Vol. 31 ›› Issue (6): 381-404.DOI: 10.13745/j.esf.sf.2024.7.1

南海陆缘“拆离—核杂岩型”盆地发现与油气地质条件:以南海北部开平凹陷为例

徐长贵¹(), 高阳东², 刘军³^,⁴, 彭光荣³^,⁴^,^*(), 陈兆明³^,⁴, 李洪博³^,⁴, 蔡俊杰³^,⁴, 马庆佑³^,⁴

1.中国海洋石油有限公司, 北京 100010
2.中海石油(中国)有限公司勘探开发部, 北京 100010
3.中海石油(中国)有限公司深圳分公司, 广东深圳 518054
4.中海石油深海开发有限公司, 广东深圳 518054

收稿日期:2024-03-06 修回日期:2024-07-01 出版日期:2024-11-25 发布日期:2024-11-25
通信作者: *彭光荣(1978—),男,硕士,高级工程师,从事油气地质研究工作。E-mail: penggr@cnooc.com.cn
作者简介:徐长贵(1971—),男,博士,教授级高级工程师,从事海洋油气勘探开发管理和综合研究工作。E-mail: xuchg@cnooc.com.cn
基金资助:
中国海洋石油有限公司“十四五”重大科技项目“南海北部深水区勘探关键技术”(KJGG2022-0103)

Discovery of “detachment-core complex type” basins offshore the northern South China Sea and their oil and gas geological conditions:A case study of the Kaiping sag in the northern South China Sea

XU Changgui¹(), GAO Yangdong², LIU Jun³^,⁴, PENG Guangrong³^,⁴^,^*(), CHEN Zhaoming³^,⁴, LI Hongbo³^,⁴, CAI Junjie³^,⁴, MA Qingyou³^,⁴

1. China National Offshore Oil Corporation(CNOOC), Beijing 100010, China
2. Exploration and Development Department of CNOOC China Limited, Beijing 100010, China
3. CNOOC China Limited, Shenzhen Branch, Shenzhen 518054, China
4. Deepwater Development Co., Ltd., CNOOC, Shenzhen 518054, China

Received:2024-03-06 Revised:2024-07-01 Online:2024-11-25 Published:2024-11-25

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

珠江口盆地开平凹陷位于南海北部陆缘的地壳减薄带,是全球范围内新发现的比较典型的“拆离—核杂岩型”盆地(凹陷),具有独特的岩石圈伸展—减薄—破裂过程,研究其结构类型、成因机制和油气地质条件具有重要意义。本文基于三维地震资料精细解释和地质综合研究,发现了南海陆缘“拆离—核杂岩”的新类型盆地,揭示了其成盆成烃过程,推动了洼陷结构、烃源分布和成藏模式等方面的新认识,并首次在该类型凹陷中发现了大油田。研究结果表明:(1)开平凹陷是南海北部陆缘强伸展背景下发育的典型“拆离—核杂岩型”凹陷,其形成过程受水平伸展作用叠加变质核杂岩垂向隆升作用的影响;文昌组沉积期经历了早期断陷和晚期拆离+核杂岩隆升改造两大成盆演化阶段,形成了“北断南超”的凹陷结构;(2)文昌组烃源岩具有“断拆控盆—早洼晚坡—高温增热“的耦合生烃机制,文四段半深湖—深湖相优质烃源岩,在拆离+核杂岩隆升联合作用下变形变位至南部斜坡带,同时受高地温场和岩浆增热影响,该烃源岩呈现高热快熟特征,排烃门限变浅,显著提升了开平凹陷的资源潜力;(3)开平凹陷南部斜坡带具有“断拆成盆控烃、断脊联合控运、多期幕式充注和鼻状构造控聚”的成藏模式。开平南古近系大油田的发现,开辟了珠江口盆地深层油气勘探的新区新领域,成为全球首个陆缘“拆离—核杂岩型”凹陷取得商业发现的成功案例,有望为国内外相似凹陷结构的油气勘探提供重要借鉴。

关键词: “拆离—核杂岩型”盆地(凹陷), 成盆动力学机制, 烃源岩生烃机制, 沉积演化, 成藏模式, 富集规律

Abstract:

Kaiping sag in the Pearl River Mouth Basin is located in the crustal thinning zone offshore the northern South China Sea. It is a typical “detachment-core complex type” basin (sag) newly discovered around the world. It has a unique lithospheric extension-thinning-fracture process. It is of great significance to study its structural type, genetic mechanism and oil and gas geological conditions.This article is based on the detailed interpretation of three-dimensional seismic data and comprehensive geological research, discovering a new type of basin offshore the northern South China Sea called “detachment-core complex”, revealing its basin formation and hydrocarbon generation process, promoting new understanding of depression structure, hydrocarbon source distribution, and reservoir formation mode, and discovering a large oil field for the first time in this type of sag.The research results indicate that: (1) Kaiping sag is a typical “detachment-core complex type” sag developed under the strong extensional continental margin background offshore the northern South China Sea, and its formation process is influenced by horizontal extensional superimposed metamorphic core complex vertical uplift; The sedimentation period of the Wenchang Formation went through two major stages of basin formation and evolution: early faulting, late detachment, and uplift and transformation of core complex rocks, forming a depression structure of “north faulting and south overtaking”; (2) The source rocks of the Wenchang Formation have a coupled hydrocarbon generation mechanism of “fault detachment controlling basin-early depression late slope-high temperature heating”. The high-quality source rocks of the semi-deep lake and deep lake facies in the fourth section of the Wenchang Formation have undergone deformation and displacement to the southern slope zone under the combined action of detachment and core complex uplift. At the same time, they are affected by the high temperature field and magma heating, showing high heat and fast maturation characteristics, with a shallower hydrocarbon expulsion threshold, significantly enhancing the resource potential of the Kaiping sag; (3) The southern slope zone of Kaiping sag has a reservoir formation model of “basin controlled by fault detachment, combined control of hydrocarbon transport by fault ridges, multi-stage episodic filling, and nose shaped structure controlled accumulation”.The discovery of Kaiping South Paleogene oil field has opened up a new area of deep oil and gas exploration in the the Pearl River Mouth Basin, becoming the first successful case of commercial discovery of continental margin “detachment-core complex type” sag in the world, which is expected to provide important reference for oil and gas exploration of similar sag structures at home and abroad.

Key words: “detachment-core complex type” basin (sag), dynamic mechanism of basin formation, mechanism of hydrocarbon generation, sedimentary evolution, accumulation mode, enrichment pattern

中图分类号:

徐长贵, 高阳东, 刘军, 彭光荣, 陈兆明, 李洪博, 蔡俊杰, 马庆佑. 南海陆缘“拆离—核杂岩型”盆地发现与油气地质条件:以南海北部开平凹陷为例[J]. 地学前缘, 2024, 31(6): 381-404.

XU Changgui, GAO Yangdong, LIU Jun, PENG Guangrong, CHEN Zhaoming, LI Hongbo, CAI Junjie, MA Qingyou. Discovery of “detachment-core complex type” basins offshore the northern South China Sea and their oil and gas geological conditions:A case study of the Kaiping sag in the northern South China Sea[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 2024, 31(6): 381-404.

图/表 17

图1 核杂岩结构(a)与“拆离—核杂岩型”盆地结构(b)模式图(据文献[7]修改)

Fig.1 Structure of core complex (a) and basin structure of “detachment core complex type” (b) pattern diagram. Modified after [7].

图2 基于伸展应变差异的伸展盆地类型划分(据文献[18]修改)

Fig.2 Classification of extensional basin types based on differences in extensional strain. Modified after [18].

图3 珠江口盆地开平凹陷构造纲要及地层演化

Fig.3 Structural outline and stratigraphic evolution of Kaiping sag in the Pearl River Mouth Basin

图4 珠江口盆地深部地壳结构图

Fig.4 Deep crustal structure of the Pearl River Mouth Basin

图5 开平凹陷主拆离断层断面3D(a)及周边区域自由空气重力异常图(b)

Fig.5 3D of the main detachment fault section in Kaiping Depression (a) and the free air gravity anomaly map in the surrounding area (b)

图6 开平“拆离—核杂岩型”凹陷结构特征(剖面位置见图3)

Fig.6 Structural characteristics of the “detachment core complex type” depression in Kaiping (see Figure 3 for the cross-sectional position)

图7 被动大陆边缘构造带及盆地类型划分模式图(据文献[54]修改)

Fig.7 Classification model of passive continental marginal structural zones and basin types. Modified after [54].

图8 开平凹陷文昌期构造演化剖面图

Fig.8 Structural evolution profile of Wenchang Period in Kaiping Depression

图9 开平凹陷地壳内部层状反射面迁移特征与解释模型

Fig.9 Migration characteristics and interpretation model of layered reflection surfaces within the crust of Kaiping Depression

表1 开平凹陷典型钻井烃源岩特征对比分析表

Table 1 Comparison and analysis of typical drilling source rock characteristics in Kaiping Depression

井名	钻遇层位	厚度/m	干酪根类型	TOC含量/%	氢指数HI/(mg·g^-1)	沉积相	综合评价
A7	文三段	91	Ⅱ₁—Ⅱ₂型	0.6~4.2(2.6)	162~378(264)	浅湖—半深湖	好
A7	文四段	145	Ⅱ₁—Ⅱ₂型	1.3~9.6(5.4)	134~377(266)	半深湖—深湖	好—很好
A9	文三段	13	Ⅱ₂型	0.3~0.76(0.5)	134~253(207)	辫状河三角洲前缘	较差
A9	文四段	182	Ⅱ₁型	2.1~4.8(3.4)	347~589(437)	半深湖—深湖	好—很好
B4	文三段
B4	文四段	84	Ⅱ₁型	0.9~7.0(2.5)	146~506(305)	半深湖—深湖	好—很好

图10 开平凹陷文昌组烃源岩地球化学指标分析图

Fig.10 Analysis of geochemical indicators of hydrocarbon source rocks in Wenchang Formation of Kaiping Depression

图11 开平凹陷文昌组烃源岩分布与断层—圈闭叠合图

Fig.11 Distribution of source rocks and fault trap overlay in Wenchang Formation of Kaiping Depression

图12 开平凹陷钻井实测地温梯度对比

Fig.12 Comparison of measured geothermal gradients during drilling in Kaiping Depression

图13 开平凹陷古近系主要层系沉积相图(a恩平组下段;b文四段上段)

Fig.13 Sedimentary facies map of the main strata of the Paleogene in the Kaiping Depression (a, lower section of the Enping Formation; b, upper section of the Wensi Formation)

图14 开平凹陷古近系沉积演化模式图

Fig.14 Sedimentary evolution model of the Paleogene in Kaiping Depression

图15 开平凹陷渗透率与深度交汇图

Fig.15 Intersection of permeability and depth in Kaiping Depression

图16 开平“拆离—核杂岩型”凹陷油气成藏模式图

Fig.16 Oil and gas accumulation model diagram of the “detachment core complex type” depression in Kaiping

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南海陆缘“拆离—核杂岩型”盆地发现与油气地质条件:以南海北部开平凹陷为例

Discovery of “detachment-core complex type” basins offshore the northern South China Sea and their oil and gas geological conditions:A case study of the Kaiping sag in the northern South China Sea

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