海底氢能探测与开采技术展望

doi:10.13745/j.esf.sf.2024.6.10

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

在目前双碳政策背景下,国家对氢能等清洁能源的需求日益增长。橄榄岩蛇纹石化是海底广泛存在的水岩相互作用之一,氢气是该过程的主要产物,是海底氢气能源(简称海底氢能)的主要形成途径。因此,深海洋壳储存了极具前景的氢能,是缓解当前双碳压力的重要突破口,是发展新质生产力的重要引擎。但是目前全球对海底氢能的探测与开采技术仍处空白,是未来海底能源探测的突破口和生长点。本文基于海底氢能的形成原理与分布特征,系统梳理了可用于海底氢能的探测技术和开采方法,提出通过海底多波束测深、磁力测量、重力测量、多分量地震勘探等综合地球物理探测方法,有望对海底可能的氢能储层进行探测。同时,借助水力压裂和微波加热等方法可对储层中的氢气进行开采。但是,囿于人们对海底氢能认知的匮乏和氢气自身储存和运移的特殊性,仍需要开发专门针对海底氢能的探测和开采技术,在该方向提前布局,为海底氢能开采利用提供技术支撑,同时也会带动和促进不同领域技术创新的革命性突破。

关键词: 海底氢能, 蛇纹石化, 磁铁矿, 氢气, 海底多分量地震

Abstract:

In the current context of the dual-carbon policy, the national demand for clean energy, such as hydrogen, is growing significantly. Serpentinization of peridotite is one of the most widespread water-rock interactions on the seafloor, and hydrogen gas, a primary product of this process, serves as a crucial pathway for the formation of marine hydrogen energy. Therefore, the deep oceanic crust holds highly promising hydrogen energy reserves, representing a vital breakthrough for alleviating current dual-carbon pressures and driving the development of new productive capacities. However, global technologies for detecting and extracting marine hydrogen energy are still in their infancy, presenting a significant opportunity for future seafloor energy exploration and growth. This paper systematically reviews the formation principles and distribution characteristics of marine hydrogen energy, outlining potential detection technologies and extraction methods. We propose that comprehensive geophysical exploration methods, such as multibeam bathymetry, magnetic surveys, gravity measurements, and multi-component seismic exploration, hold promise for detecting potential hydrogen reservoirs on the seafloor. Additionally, methods like hydraulic fracturing and microwave heating could be utilized for extracting hydrogen from these reservoirs. However, due to the limited understanding of marine hydrogen energy and the unique challenges associated with hydrogen storage and transport, there is a pressing need to develop specialized detection and extraction technologies tailored to marine hydrogen energy. Advance layout in this direction will provide the necessary technical support for the exploitation and utilization of marine hydrogen energy and spur revolutionary breakthroughs in various technological fields.

Key words: submarine hydrogen energy, serpentinization, magnetite, hydrogen gas, submarine multi-component seismic

中图分类号:

姜兆霞, 李三忠, 索艳慧, 吴立新. 海底氢能探测与开采技术展望[J]. 地学前缘, 2024, 31(4): 183-190.

JIANG Zhaoxia, LI Sanzhong, SUO Yanhui, WU Lixin. Prospects for submarine hydrogen exploration and extraction technologies[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 2024, 31(4): 183-190.

图/表 3

图1 体积分数>10%的已知氢能储层分布(数据来自文献[1])

Fig.1 Distribution of hydrogen detections in basins on lands at concentrations >10% (volume fraction). Modified after [1].

图2 不同构造背景下的海底氢能勘探技术体系示意图

Fig.2 Schematic diagram of submarine hydrogen exploration technology system under different tectonic backgrounds

图3 不同构造背景下的海底氢能钻井开采系统示意图

Fig.3 Schematic diagram of submarine hydrogen drilling and mining systems under different tectonic backgrounds

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