中国西部典型岩浆铂族元素矿床超常富集成矿机制

doi:10.13745/j.esf.sf.2021.8.14

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

中国西部探明了一系列与新元古代以来幔源岩浆有关的镍铜铂族元素(platinum group elements, PGE)岩浆矿床,华北克拉通新元古代金川镍铜铂族硫化物矿床、峨眉山二叠纪大火成岩省金宝山铂族元素矿床等记录了不同构造环境幔源岩浆PGE超常富集成矿过程。亲铁性的铂族元素高度富集于地核,深部地幔起源、高程度部分熔融形成的镁铁质岩浆中PGE含量较高,地幔岩浆系统不同条件下铂族元素以纳米态元素簇、合金、硫化物熔体或超临界流体运移-聚集成矿,在阶段性岩浆房多阶段、多途径富集,成矿作用类型丰富。华北-华南克拉通岩石圈地幔PGE含量均略高于原始地幔值;华北克拉通岩石圈地幔PGE含量从古生代到中新生代略有降低,表明存在PGE抽取岩浆事件。中国西部新元古代以来的幔源岩浆源区PGE不亏损、岩浆活动时间长、岩浆-硫化物相互作用PGE多阶段富集及地幔柱岩浆动力学背景是PGE超常富集成矿的有利地质条件,其控制因素及动力学背景的认识对查明PGE成矿潜力和拓展资源储量具有重要意义。

关键词: 成矿动力学, 超常富集, 镁铁质岩浆, 铂族元素, 中国西部

Abstract:

Neoproterozoic mafic magmatism in western China produced a number of platinum group element (PGE) deposits in different geological time and tectonic geodynamic settings, including the Neoproterozoic Jinchuan Ni-Cu-PGE sulfide deposit located in southwestern margin of the North China Craton, and the Jinbaoshan PGE deposit, a member of the Permian Emeishan large igneous province (LIP) in southwestern China. PGEs as siderophiles are more enriched in the Earth’s core than in the mantle and crust. Therefore, they can be transported into the crust by mantle-derived magma as elemental nanoclusters, alloy or immiscible sulfide melt, and their concentration in the magma tends to increase with the depth and degree of partial melting in the mantle source. PGE-bearing sulfide and other minerals in the magma can be concentrated gradually in the magma chambers and associated conduits through a multi-stage process, and form economically valuable multi-type PGE deposits. The subcontinental lithospheric mantle (SCLM) beneath the North and South China Cratons has higher PGE contents than the primitive mantle. The concentration of PGEs in the SCLM of the North China Craton may also decrease from the Palaeozoic to Cenozoic, indicating some PGE extraction magmatisms. Neoproterozoic mafic magmatism in western China is a plausible mechanism of PGE mineralization, as inferred from PGE-rich mantle (plume) source, high PGE content in mantle-derived magma, long-lived magmatic activity as well as multi-stage PGE extreme enrichment by magma-sulfide interaction. A better understanding of the geodynamic settings and mineralization processes in PGE deposits is important for assessing PGE mineralization potential in the region and finding more PGE resources in China.

Key words: ore-forming dynamics, extreme enrichment, mafic magma, platinum group elements, western China

中图分类号:

张铭杰, 张宏福, 梁慨慷, 张晓琪, 李思奥, 张军伟, 班舒悦, 王荣华, 范育新. 中国西部典型岩浆铂族元素矿床超常富集成矿机制[J]. 地学前缘, 2022, 29(1): 124-142.

ZHANG Mingjie, ZHANG Hongfu, LIANG Kaikang, ZHANG Xiaoqi, LI Si’ao, ZHANG Junwei, BAN Shuyue, WANG Ronghua, FAN Yuxin. Extreme enrichment and ore-forming mechanism of main mafic magma-related platinum group element deposits in western China[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 2022, 29(1): 124-142.

图/表 5

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岩体	地理位置	年龄/ Ma	面积/ km²	围岩	赋矿岩石	矿体形态	矿石矿物	矿床规模	储量/t	品位/(g·t^-1)	参考文献
周庵	河南唐河县	637±4	5.4	大雀山组白云石英片岩与大理岩	橄榄岩、二辉橄榄岩、橄榄辉石岩	岩盆状、岩墙状	磁黄铁矿、镍黄铁矿、黄铜矿、方黄铜矿、黄铁矿、磁铁矿	大型Cu-Ni-PGE	Pt 33	Pd 0.87	[29]
毕机沟	陕西西乡县	约780	500	西乡群变质沉积火山岩	橄榄岩、二辉橄榄岩、橄榄辉石岩	条带状、似层状	钛磁铁矿、钛铁矿、磁黄铁矿、黄铜矿、黄铁矿	Cu-Ni-Pt矿化			[28]
煎茶岭	陕西略阳县	878±27	6.8	鱼洞子群大理岩和片岩、片麻岩	纯橄岩、斜方辉橄岩、辉石岩	透镜状、似层状	镍黄铁矿、紫硫镍铁矿、针镍矿和辉镍矿等	大型 Ni-Co			[30]
石棉	四川石棉县		1.5	苏雄组、观音崖组、灯影组	辉石岩、辉长岩	网脉状、似层状	磁铁矿、钛铁矿、黄铁矿、黄铜矿、自然铂	Pt矿化点	Pt 36~41.7		[30]
冷水箐	四川盐边县	817±5	<4	盐边群斜长角闪片岩	角闪二辉橄榄岩、角闪辉石岩和单辉橄榄岩	条带状、似层状、透镜状	磁黄铁矿、镍黄铁矿、黄铜矿、黄铁矿和方黄铜矿	中型Ni-Cu-(PGE)	Pt 0.01~ 0.06	Pd 0.06~ 0.20	[31]

岩体	地理位置	年龄/ Ma	面积/ km²	围岩	赋矿岩石	矿体形态	矿石矿物	矿床规模	储量/t	品位/(g·t^-1)	参考文献
周庵	河南唐河县	637±4	5.4	大雀山组白云石英片岩与大理岩	橄榄岩、二辉橄榄岩、橄榄辉石岩	岩盆状、岩墙状	磁黄铁矿、镍黄铁矿、黄铜矿、方黄铜矿、黄铁矿、磁铁矿	大型Cu-Ni-PGE	Pt 33	Pd 0.87	[29]
毕机沟	陕西西乡县	约780	500	西乡群变质沉积火山岩	橄榄岩、二辉橄榄岩、橄榄辉石岩	条带状、似层状	钛磁铁矿、钛铁矿、磁黄铁矿、黄铜矿、黄铁矿	Cu-Ni-Pt矿化			[28]
煎茶岭	陕西略阳县	878±27	6.8	鱼洞子群大理岩和片岩、片麻岩	纯橄岩、斜方辉橄岩、辉石岩	透镜状、似层状	镍黄铁矿、紫硫镍铁矿、针镍矿和辉镍矿等	大型 Ni-Co			[30]
石棉	四川石棉县		1.5	苏雄组、观音崖组、灯影组	辉石岩、辉长岩	网脉状、似层状	磁铁矿、钛铁矿、黄铁矿、黄铜矿、自然铂	Pt矿化点	Pt 36~41.7		[30]
冷水箐	四川盐边县	817±5	<4	盐边群斜长角闪片岩	角闪二辉橄榄岩、角闪辉石岩和单辉橄榄岩	条带状、似层状、透镜状	磁黄铁矿、镍黄铁矿、黄铜矿、黄铁矿和方黄铜矿	中型Ni-Cu-(PGE)	Pt 0.01~ 0.06	Pd 0.06~ 0.20	[31]

地质年代/寄主岩	岩石/捕虏体	n	含量/10^-9							文献来源
地质年代/寄主岩	岩石/捕虏体	n	Os	Ir	Ru	Rh	Pt	Pd		文献来源
华北克拉通
新生代	玄武岩	37	0.05	0.03	0.07	0.02	0.17	0.13	[71]
中生代	玄武岩	10	—	0.02	0.02	0.02	0.30	1.39	[112]
古生代	金伯利岩	20	—	2.36	3.46	0.87	5.08	4.67	[111]
新生代	橄榄岩	31	1.66	2.47	5.80	0.75	5.95	3.78	[71,113]
玄武岩	尖晶石橄榄岩	14	1.36	1.79	2.79	0.71	3.68	2.01	[71,113]
	辉石岩	5	0.44	0.57	1.16	0.15	2.39	3.41	[112]
中生代	橄榄辉石岩	3	0.09	0.50	0.37	—	16.47	22.50	[71,113]
玄武岩	橄榄岩	8	1.38	1.45	2.59	—	3.43	3.07	[71,113]
玄武岩	尖晶石橄榄岩	5	—	1.21	7.08	0.50	1.00	3.52	[71,113]
金伯利岩	石榴石橄榄岩	1	—	3.60	4.86	1.36	9.66	9.18	[110,115]
古生代	硫化物橄榄岩	3	—	5.48	9.41	1.36	3.85	3.23	[110]
金伯利岩	尖晶石橄榄岩	2	—	4.48	7.19	1.43	6.93	3.82	[110]
	石榴石橄榄岩	5	—	3.51	5.75	1.18	3.05	3.39	[110]
	铬铁矿	1	—	52.20	41.10	5.68	17.80	5.65	[110]
华南克拉通
捕虏体	石榴石橄榄岩	1	3.60	4.86		9.66	9.18	1.36	[110]

地质年代/寄主岩	岩石/捕虏体	n	含量/10^-9							文献来源
地质年代/寄主岩	岩石/捕虏体	n	Os	Ir	Ru	Rh	Pt	Pd		文献来源
华北克拉通
新生代	玄武岩	37	0.05	0.03	0.07	0.02	0.17	0.13	[71]
中生代	玄武岩	10	—	0.02	0.02	0.02	0.30	1.39	[112]
古生代	金伯利岩	20	—	2.36	3.46	0.87	5.08	4.67	[111]
新生代	橄榄岩	31	1.66	2.47	5.80	0.75	5.95	3.78	[71,113]
玄武岩	尖晶石橄榄岩	14	1.36	1.79	2.79	0.71	3.68	2.01	[71,113]
	辉石岩	5	0.44	0.57	1.16	0.15	2.39	3.41	[112]
中生代	橄榄辉石岩	3	0.09	0.50	0.37	—	16.47	22.50	[71,113]
玄武岩	橄榄岩	8	1.38	1.45	2.59	—	3.43	3.07	[71,113]
玄武岩	尖晶石橄榄岩	5	—	1.21	7.08	0.50	1.00	3.52	[71,113]
金伯利岩	石榴石橄榄岩	1	—	3.60	4.86	1.36	9.66	9.18	[110,115]
古生代	硫化物橄榄岩	3	—	5.48	9.41	1.36	3.85	3.23	[110]
金伯利岩	尖晶石橄榄岩	2	—	4.48	7.19	1.43	6.93	3.82	[110]
	石榴石橄榄岩	5	—	3.51	5.75	1.18	3.05	3.39	[110]
	铬铁矿	1	—	52.20	41.10	5.68	17.80	5.65	[110]
华南克拉通
捕虏体	石榴石橄榄岩	1	3.60	4.86		9.66	9.18	1.36	[110]