大兴安岭南段锡多金属矿床成矿规律与矿床模型

doi:10.13745/j.esf.sf.2021.8.12

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

大兴安岭南段是我国北方最重要的锡矿带,本文对其时空分布和成矿规律进行了系统总结,并提出了大兴安岭南段锡多金属矿深部动力学模型和矿床模型,旨在推动区域进一步锡银找矿工作。研究表明,锡多金属矿形成于伸展构造环境,具有明显的成群分布特点,空间上夹持在二连—贺根山、黄岗—甘珠尔庙和西拉木伦深大断裂带之间,矿化时代集中在150~130 Ma之间,但在个别大中型矿床中表现出多期成矿的特征。尽管锡矿化规模巨大,但目前揭露的高分异含矿花岗岩体并不多见,成矿作用可能与该区高的成矿元素背景值有关,但同时矿体下部可能存在隐伏高分异岩体。锡多金属成矿系统以锡铅锌银为主,鲜有共生或伴生钨矿化,不同阶段或类型矿化是深部岩浆房多期次出溶的不同或相同性质流体共同作用的结果,同时成矿流体与围岩的反应也会影响流体的组成和演化。岩浆流体出溶、地层活化萃取、地幔物质、大气降水、热卤水和变质热液共同参与了成矿作用,尤其是深部镁铁质岩浆底侵及脱气不仅为成矿提供了热源,同时也可能提供了大量的成矿元素和挥发组分。在成矿过程中,流体温压的下降、不同来源流体混合、超临界流体不混溶作用、流体多次沸腾和水岩反应等是金属元素超常富集的主要机制。

关键词: 锡多金属矿, 时空分布, 流体出溶, 壳幔作用, 超常富集机制, 大兴安岭南段

Abstract:

The tin polymetallic ore belt of southern Great Xing’an Range (SGXR) is the most important tin ore belt in northern China. Here, aiming to promote regional tin/silver prospecting, we systematically summarized the spatiotemporal distribution and metallogenic characteristics and proposed the deep dynamics and metallogenic models of the tin polymetallic deposits in SGXR. These deposits were formed in an extensional environment, with obvious spatial and temporal aggregation characteristics. They are located between the Erlian-Hegenshan, Huanggang-Ganzhu’ermiao and Xilamulun fault zones and formed mostly between 150-130 Ma, although multi-stage mineralization likely occurred in some large and medium-sized ore deposits. Even though tin mineralization is extensive, few highly differentiated ore-bearing granites are exposed so far, due probably to high background of ore-forming elements in the area, but also likely they are hidden in the depth. The tin polymetallic ore is mainly composed of tin, lead, zinc and silver, with few concurrent or accompanied tungsten mineralization. Multi-stage, multi-type mineralization is a result of multi-stage magma extrusion from a deep magma chamber, which produced ore-forming fluids with similar or different properties. Meanwhile, reactions between ore-forming fluids and surrounding rocks could also affect the fluid composition and evolution. Magma fluid exsolution, stratigraphic activation and extraction, mantle material, atmospheric precipitation, hot brine and metamorphic hydrothermal fluid all played a part in mineralization. Especially in the high temperature, low pressure environment, deep mafic magma degassing not only provided heat source for the mineralization, but also might provide an abundance of ore-forming element and volatile component. During the mineralization process, the main contributing factors for the super enrichments of metal elements were decreasing fluid temperature/pressure, mixing of fluids from different sources, immiscibility of supercritical fluids, multiple boiling of the fluids and water-rock interaction.

Key words: tin polymetallic deposits, spatiotemporal distribution, fluid exsolution, crust-mantle interaction, super enrichment mechanism, southern segment of the Great Xing’an Range

中图分类号:

P618.44
P611

周振华, 毛景文. 大兴安岭南段锡多金属矿床成矿规律与矿床模型[J]. 地学前缘, 2022, 29(1): 176-199.

ZHOU Zhenhua, MAO Jingwen. Metallogenic patterns and ore deposit model of the tin polymetallic deposits in the southern segment of Great Xing’an Range[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 2022, 29(1): 176-199.

图/表 10

图1 兴蒙造山带区域地质及锡钨铌钽矿床分布图 1—赵井沟;2—乌日尼图;3—乌兰得勒;4—宝格达乌拉;5—巴彦都兰;6—达亚纳;7—沙麦;8—白音查干;9—石灰窑;10—小孤山;11—毛登;12—维拉斯托;13—安乐;14—黄岗;15—查木罕;16—台莱花;17—边家大院;18—大井;19—老盘道背后;20—白音皋;21—莫古吐;22—宝盖沟;23—小海青;24—大海青;25—道伦达坝;26—富林;27—园林子;28—白音诺;29—乃林坝林场;30—浩布高;31—东山湾;32—敖脑达坝;33—罕山林场;34—巴尔哲;35—孟恩陶勒盖;36—兴隆屯;37—红花尔基;38—宝山;39—阿廷河;40—翠宏山;41—五星;42—碾子山;43—弓棚子;44—秋皮沟;45—三家子;46—磐石铁汞山;47—小木古;48—羊鼻山;49—白石砬子;50—杨金沟;51—五道沟;52—河口林场。

Fig.1 Regional tectonic units (a) and distribution map of W-Sn-Nb-Ta deposits (b) in the Xingmeng Orogenic Belt

图2 大兴安岭南段地质和锡多金属矿床分布图 1—白音查干;2—小孤山;3—毛登;4—维拉斯托;5—园林子;6—富林;7—黄岗;8—边家大院;9—老盘道背后;10—白音皋;11—安乐;12—大井;13—莫古吐;14—宝盖沟;15—小海青;16—道伦达坝;17—大海青;18—白音诺;19—乃林坝林场;20—浩布高;21—敖脑达坝;22—罕山林场;23—孟恩陶勒盖;24—兴隆屯。

Fig.2 Geological map of SGXR showing the distribution of tin polymetallic deposits

图3 大兴安岭南段锡多金属矿床成岩(a)和成矿时代统计直方图(b)

Fig.3 Histograms showing the distributions of diagenetic (a) and mineralization (b) ages in the tin polymetallic deposits in SGXR

图4 大兴安岭南段锡多金属成矿岩体地球化学图解(数据来源:黄岗,据文献[55];莫古吐,据文献[73];维拉斯托,据文献[10,11];白音查干,据文献[69, 115];边家大院,据文献[116,117,118]; 毛登,据文献[119];园林子,据周振华等,未发表数据;白音诺,据文献[120]; 浩布高,据文献[76])

Fig.4 Geochemical classification diagram (a-c) and plot of zircon saturation temperature vs. age (d) for the tin polymetallic ore-bearing granites from SGXR. Data from [10-11,55,69,73,76,115-120] and unpublished work by Zhou et al.

图5 强烈风化的页岩相平衡模拟图(显示氧逸度对矿物组合、熔融条件和熔体体积的影响)(据文献[90]) a—还原条件下相平衡图;b—氧化环境下相平衡图;绿色线表示黑云母分解线,橘色线代表固熔体线,阴影部分包含熔体。APS—强烈风化古生代页岩;Bt—黑云母;Ky—蓝晶石;And—红柱石;Sil—硅线石。

Fig.5 Simulated equilibrium phase diagrams for highly weathered shale rock (APS), illustrating the influence of oxygen fugacity on mineral assemblage, melting condition and melt production. Adapted from [90].

图6 大兴安岭南段代表性锡矿化花岗岩和锡林郭勒杂岩体稀土元素配分(a)和微量元素配分(b)曲线(球粒陨石和原始地幔值据文献[133];花岗岩数据据文献[11];锡林郭勒杂岩体数据据文献[11,134])

Fig.6 Chondrite-normalized REE patterns (a) and primitive mantle-normalized spider diagrams (b) for representative tin-bearing granites and the Xilinguole complex in SGXR. Chondrite and primitive mantle data from [133]. Granite data from [11]. Xilinguole complex data from [11,134].

图7 岩浆-热液矿床中等密度流体和卤水流体中Na标准化后Sn、Ag、Pb、Zn等金属元素含量与Cs含量关系图(据文献[101])

Fig.7 Relationships between Sn, Ag, Pb or Zn and Cs contents in isopycnic and brine fluid inclusions in magmatic-hydrothermal deposit after Na standardization. Adapted from [101].

图8 意大利Stromboli(A-C)和Etna(D)活动火山中发现的Sn、Ag、Cu、Co等金属氯或硫化物及合金BSE照片(据文献[149]) 灰色阴影主要为玻璃和硅酸盐矿物。

Fig.8 BSE images showing metal sublimates attaching to the vesicle walls in pumice and scoria samples from Stromboli (A-C) and Etna (D) Volcanos, Italy. Adapted from [149].

图9 大兴安岭南段锡多金属矿床成矿深部动力学模型 (据文献[183,184,185]修改)

Fig.9 A mineralization dynamics model for the tin polymetallic deposits in SGXR. Modified after [183-185].

图10 大兴安岭南段锡多金属矿床成矿模型

Fig.10 A metallogenic model for the tin polymetallic deposits in SGXR. See the above text for a detailed description of the model.

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