江汉盆地大型富锂卤水矿床成因与资源勘查进展:综述

doi:10.13745/j.esf.sf.2021.8.11

地学前缘 ›› 2022, Vol. 29 ›› Issue (1): 107-123.DOI: 10.13745/j.esf.sf.2021.8.11

• 稀有金属矿床成矿过程及勘查进展 • 上一篇下一篇

江汉盆地大型富锂卤水矿床成因与资源勘查进展:综述

余小灿¹(), 刘成林¹^,²^,^*(), 王春连¹, 徐海明¹, 赵艳军¹, 黄华³, 李瑞琴¹

1.中国地质科学院矿产资源研究所自然资源部成矿作用与资源评价重点实验室, 北京 100037
2.中国地质大学(武汉), 湖北武汉 430074
3.中国石油化工股份有限公司江汉油田分公司, 湖北武汉430223

收稿日期:2020-06-02 修回日期:2020-12-18 出版日期:2022-01-25 发布日期:2022-02-22
通信作者: 刘成林
作者简介:余小灿(1988—),男,博士后,主要从事地下卤水型钾、锂矿床与地球化学研究。E-mail: xiaocany1988@163.com
基金资助:
中央级公益性科研院所基本科研业务费项目(YYWF201607);中央级公益性科研院所基本科研业务费项目(KY1603);中央级公益性科研院所基本科研业务费项目(K1415);国家自然科学基金项目(42002106);国家重点基础研究发展计划“973”项目(2011CB403007)

Genesis of lithium brine deposits in the Jianghan Basin and progress in resource exploration: A review

YU Xiaocan¹(), LIU Chenglin¹^,²^,^*(), WANG Chunlian¹, XU Haiming¹, ZHAO Yanjun¹, HUANG Hua³, LI Ruiqin¹

1. MNR Key Laboratory of Metallogeny and Mineral Assessment, Institute of Mineral Resources, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing 100037, China
2. China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), Wuhan 430074, China
3. SINOPEC Jianghan Oilfield Company, Wuhan 430223, China

Received:2020-06-02 Revised:2020-12-18 Online:2022-01-25 Published:2022-02-22
Contact: LIU Chenglin

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

古近纪时期,华南江汉盆地的潜江凹陷和江陵凹陷发育盐湖,沉积了巨厚的蒸发岩,并形成和储藏了富锂、钾、铷、铯、溴、碘等元素的卤水资源,这些元素含量达到工业品位或综合利用品位;富锂卤水属于深层地下卤水型锂矿资源,镁锂比值低,是非常优质的锂资源。本文总结了江汉盆地大地构造特征、火成岩及古气候背景,论述了古盐湖沉积岩相特征、富锂卤水水化学、分布及储层特征、卤水中锂的来源与富集机理、卤水型锂矿成矿模式以及富锂卤水勘查与开采技术进展,提出了卤水开发利用中存在的问题和解决途径。江汉盆地富锂卤水成因包括:古盐湖锂可能主要来自高温水岩反应产生的富锂热液流体的补给;在干旱的气候下,古湖水不断蒸发浓缩,导致卤水中锂浓缩富集;在盐湖演化末期,逐渐埋藏的盐类晶间富锂卤水被转移至裂隙、砂岩及玄武岩储层中储集;在较高的地热背景值下,埋藏卤水与储层岩石可能发生水岩反应,进一步促进了卤水中锂的富集。江汉盆地深层卤水初步勘查显示,氯化锂资源量已达到大型工业规模,展示了巨大的资源潜力。此外,卤水锂开采技术已基本形成,建议进一步加强富锂卤水的绿色开发技术研究,制定相关勘查开发规范。

关键词: 富锂卤水, 古近纪, 古盐湖, 卤水锂提取技术, 江汉盆地

Abstract:

During the Paleogene, saline lakes developed in the Qianjiang and Jiangling Sags, Jianghan Basin, where thick evaporites later deposited to produce rich brine resources that contain industrial or general commercial grade Li, K, Rb, Cs, Br, and I elements. The Li-rich brines, belonging to deep underground lithium brine deposits, are a high-quality lithium resource, with low Mg/Li ratios. In this paper, the geotectonic feature, igneous rock and paleoclimatic background associated with the Jianghan Basin are summarized; the sedimentary facies of ancient salt lakes, the hydrochemistry, distribution and characteristics of lithium brine reservoirs, also the source and enrichment mechanism of lithium in brines, the formation model of lithium brine deposits, and progress in lithium brine exploration and mining technology are introduced; and the problems and solutions in the development and utilization of brines are discussed. The genesis of lithium brines in the Jianghan Basin is as follows: lithium, likely, comes mainly from the replenishment of Li-rich hydrothermal fluids produced by water-rock interaction at high temperature. In an arid climate, saline lake continues to evaporate and concentrate, leading to lithium enrichment in brines. At the end of salt lake evolution, the gradually buried intercrystalline Li-rich brines in saline minerals migrated to fractures, sandstone and basalt reservoirs for storage, where brine-reservoir rock interaction in geothermal environment further promotes lithium enrichment. Preliminary surveys of deep brines in the Jianghan Basin predicted large industrial scale LiCl resources in the basin with great resources potential. As lithium brine mining technology is maturing, researches on green technology development should be strengthened, and relevant exploration and development standards should be established.

Key words: lithium-rich brine, Paleogene, ancient salt lake, lithium brine extraction technology, Jianghan Basin

中图分类号:

余小灿, 刘成林, 王春连, 徐海明, 赵艳军, 黄华, 李瑞琴. 江汉盆地大型富锂卤水矿床成因与资源勘查进展:综述[J]. 地学前缘, 2022, 29(1): 107-123.

YU Xiaocan, LIU Chenglin, WANG Chunlian, XU Haiming, ZHAO Yanjun, HUANG Hua, LI Ruiqin. Genesis of lithium brine deposits in the Jianghan Basin and progress in resource exploration: A review[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 2022, 29(1): 107-123.

图/表 12

图1 江汉盆地地质简图及周缘构造单元 (据文献[26]修改) T3—上三叠统沉积物;J2—中侏罗统沉积物;K1—下白垩统沉积物;K2—上白垩统沉积物; E—古近系沉积物;F1—信阳—舒城断裂(商丹缝合带在大别造山带北缘的延伸部分);F2—襄广断裂(勉略缝合带在大别山南缘的延伸部分);NDC—北大别山核部变质杂岩体;UHP—超高压变质带;HP—高压变质带。

Fig.1 Simplified geological map of the Jianghan Basin showing the surrounding tectonic units. Modified after [26].

图2 江汉盆地沉积充填及地层柱状图 (据文献[30]修改)

Fig.2 Basin filling evolution and stratigraphic column of the Jianghan Basin. Modified after [30].

图3 江汉盆地火山岩分布图 (据文献[54]修改)

Fig.3 Distribution of volcanic rocks in the Jianghan Basin. Modified after [54].

表1 江陵凹陷深层富锂卤水化学组成

Table 1 Chemical compositions of deep Li rich brines from the Jiangling Depression

图4 江汉盆地富锂卤水Li和K含量与矿化度相关性

Fig.4 Relationship between Li (a, c) or K (b, d) content and TDS in Li-rich brines from the Jianghan Basin

表2 潜江凹陷深层富锂卤水化学组成

Table 2 Chemical composition of deep Li- rich brines in Qianjiang Depression

图5 江汉盆地古近纪沉积岩相图 (据文献[57,61-62]修改) a—江陵凹陷沙市组下段;b—江陵凹陷沙市组上段;c—江陵凹陷新沟嘴组下段;d—潜江凹陷潜江组。

Fig.5 Paleogene sedimentary facies map of the Jianghan Basin. Modified after [57,61-62].

图6 江汉盆地富锂卤水储层岩性特征 a、b—江陵凹陷泥岩裂隙储层,岗钾1井岩心;c—江陵凹陷砂岩储层,岗钾2井岩心;d—江陵凹陷玄武岩储层,八岭山地区玄武岩露头;e、f—潜江凹陷砂岩储层,分别为泽5井和广29井岩心。

Fig.6 Lithofacies of Li-rich brine reservoir in the Jianghan Basin

图7 江汉盆地砂岩、火山岩厚度变化特征 (据文献[31,61]) a—江陵凹陷沙市组至新沟嘴组下段砂岩等厚图[31];b—江陵凹陷火山岩等厚图[31];c—潜江凹陷潜江组砂岩等厚图[61]。

Fig.7 Isopach maps of sandstones (a, c) and volcanic rocks (b) in the Jianghan Basin. Modified after [31,61].

图8 裂谷盆地钾、锂成矿示意图 (据文献[9]修改)

Fig.8 Model describing the potassium and lithium mineralization pathways in a rift basin. Modified after [9].

图9 江陵凹陷卤水综合利用原则工艺路线 (据文献[80]修改)

Fig.9 Principle process route of comprehensive utilization of brine in Jiangling Depression. Modified after [80].

图10 江陵凹陷卤水沉淀法提锂工艺 (据文献[80]修改)

Fig.10 Lithium production extraction process by precipitation from brine in Jiangling Depression. Modified after [80].

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江汉盆地大型富锂卤水矿床成因与资源勘查进展:综述

Genesis of lithium brine deposits in the Jianghan Basin and progress in resource exploration: A review

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