超大型矿床成矿背景-过程-勘查三位一体的找矿理念

doi:10.13745/j.esf.sf.2021.1.11

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

超大型矿床是某一(或某些)矿种资源的巨大储库。据统计,全球矿产资源70%~85%的勘探储量集中分布于占全球矿床数10%的超大型矿床。由此可见发现超大型矿床对一个国家经济与社会发展的极端重要性。超大型矿床成矿背景是其形成的基础,成矿过程是其成矿的关键,勘查评价是其发现的根本途径。文章试图从成矿背景、成矿过程与勘查评价相互关联的角度探索超大型矿床“三位一体”的找矿理念。对于隐伏的和新类型超大型矿床,集“成矿背景、过程与勘查评价”于一体的找矿理念是矿产勘查成功的关键。我们根据地球成矿动力学理论,将地壳结构复杂的地质异常区域(如板块边界)定义为找矿可行地段;在找矿可行地段内,根据成矿系统理论,将成矿关键要素(源、运、储、盖)发育的地段定义为找矿有利地段;在找矿有利地段内,根据成矿系列理论,将可能出现矿床共生组合的地段定义为找矿远景地段。根据自组织成矿系统理论,一个矿集区内,矿床规模-频率幂律分布,奠定了多尺度聚焦找矿的理论基础。地质矿化单一信息的多解性和不确定性奠定应用综合致矿信息找矿的理论基础。基于成矿系统和综合致矿信息数字找矿模型的矿产勘查是从成矿的因果关系(本质)和矿床与诸控矿因素的相关关系(现象)两个方面确定可能矿化地段的最有效方法。超大型矿床找寻上升至综合地学学科水平,应视为一种科学的探索,这种探索综合来自地学各相关领域致矿信息,然后将从这些信息中获取的关键成矿过程和参数转换为找矿的空间数据信息,根据选靶模型识别并确认这些空间数据信息的存在,最后在全球、成矿省和矿化集中区尺度上圈定能够定量排序的超大型矿床的找矿远景区(靶区)。集“成矿背景、过程与勘查评价”于一体的找矿理念应为未来的超大型矿床勘查奠定理论和方法学基础,为应用直接探测技术和方法探测矿床提供合理的工程勘查方案。

关键词: 超大型矿床, 地球动力学背景, 成矿动力学系统, 综合致矿信息数字找矿模型, 综合定量勘查与评价

Abstract:

Super-large ore deposits are giant storages for one or some kinds of mineral resources. About Roughly 70%-85% of world’s known ore reserves are concentrated in super-large deposits that account for 10% of the world’s total in terms of deposit numbers. Thus the discovery of super-large deposits is of great importance to the socioeconomic development of a country. The geological background of a super-large deposit is the basis of its formation; the metallogenic process is the key to its mineralization; and conceptual exploration, evaluation is the fundamental approach to its discovery. In this paper we attempt to explore the idea of trinity—metallogenic background, process and exploration as one—for prospecting for super-large deposits. For hidden and new types of super-large deposits, ore prospecting based on the trinity concept is the key to the success of mineral exploration. According to the theory of Earth dynamics, we define the geological anomaly area (e.g., various kinds of plate boundaries) with a complex crustal structure as the feasible ore prospecting area; within this area, the subarea associated with key metallogenic factors (source, transport, storage, cover) is defined as the favorable ore prospecting area according to the concept of metallogenic system; inside the favorable ore prospecting area, the district with variable mineralization types is defined as the ore prospective area based on the concept of ore-forming series. According to the theory of self-organization, metallogenic system in an ore-rich area follows the power-law distribution, hence it requires multi-scale oriented ore prospecting; while the uncertainty of single information on geology and mineralization warrants collection of comprehensive ore-forming information. Metallogenic system-based mineral exploration, combined with prediction model based on comprehensive ore-forming information, is the most effective way to determine the possible mineralization area as it takes account of two factors simultaneously: the mechanism of mineralization (essence) and the correlation (phenomenon) between ore deposit and various ore controlling factors. The search for super-large deposits should be regarded as a scientific exploration from the viewpoint of geoscience. It involves first integrating the ore-forming information extracted from various sources, including geological, geochemical, geophysical, and remote sensing data; then transforming the obtained information of key ore-forming processes and parameters into spatial information of ore prospecting; next identifying and confirming such spatial information according to the target selection model; and finally delineating the ore-prospecting target area of varying scales, from global ore deposit zones to metallogenic provinces to ore-rich areas. The trinity concept lays a theoretical, methodological foundation for future exploration of super-large deposits and provides a reasonable engineering scheme for the application of direct prospecting technology in ore exploration.

Key words: super-large ore deposits, geodynamic background, metallogenic dynamic system, comprehensive ore-forming information digital prospecting model, comprehensive quantitative exploration/evaluation

中图分类号:

P611
P612

陈永清, 莫宣学. 超大型矿床成矿背景-过程-勘查三位一体的找矿理念[J]. 地学前缘, 2021, 28(3): 26-48.

CHEN Yongqing, MO Xuanxue. Metallogenic background, process and exploration as one: A trinity concept for prospecting for super-large ore deposits[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 2021, 28(3): 26-48.

图/表 14

图1 地球组成及动力学模式(引自文献[30])

Fig.1 Components, structure and a dynamic model of the Earth system. Adapted from [30].

图2 离散板块边界及其主要矿床类型(引自文献[32])

Fig.2 Divergent plate boundaries and the main deposit types in inland hot spring/incipient rift (a), inland rift zone (b), or ocean ridge/Hawaii type hot spring deposit (c). Adapted from [32].

图3 汇聚板块边界及其主要矿床类型(引自文献[33])

Fig.3 Convergent plate boundary and the deposit types in oceanic island arc or (continental) back-arc basin. Adapted from [33].

图4 郯庐走滑断裂与金矿分布(引自文献[22]) 1—中条造山带及后中条盖层;2—扬子造山带及后扬子盖层;3—兴凯造山带及后兴凯盖层;4—加里东造山带及后加里东盖层;5—华力西造山带及后华力西盖层;6—印支-燕山造山带及后印支-燕山盖层;7—喜山造山带及后喜山盖层;8—金矿床;9—金矿集区;10—断裂。

Fig.4 Tanlu strike-slip fault and distribution of gold deposits. Adapted from [22].

图5 科迪勒拉型造山带及其相关矿床(引自文献[35])

Fig.5 Cordillera orogenic belt and associated ore deposits. Adapted from [35].

图6 喜马拉雅造山带相关的造山带金矿床(引自文献[32])

Fig.6 Gold deposits in the orogenic belts associated with the Himalayan orogenic belt. Adapted from [32].

图7 地质历史时期主要矿床及其成矿环境(引自文献[38]) (A):AM—非造山岩浆作用;CA—大陆弧;CC—陆陆造山;CO—科迪勒拉山系;CR—大陆裂谷;IA—洋内弧;PL—地幔柱岩石圈;斑岩型-热液型,VMS矿床形成于洋内弧和陆弧,同样,岩浆热液Sn矿床形成于科迪勒拉造山带和陆陆碰撞造山带;(B):沉积盆地;BA—后弧盆地;FA—前弧盆地;FL—前陆盆地;IC—内陆盆地;O—大洋盆地;PM—被动大陆边缘盆地;RM—裂谷大陆边缘盆地;SS—走滑拉分盆地;沙金矿床堆积在造山带的弧前和后弧盆地。

Fig.7 Main deposit types and metallogenic environments through the geological history. Adapted from [38].

图8 超大型矿床的主要特征(引自文献[57]) 该示意图说明了斑岩铜矿和低温热液型金矿形成的一般模式。LS,低硫化型;紫色框突出了可能导致增强形成超大型矿床的特点或过程。

Fig.8 The main characteristics of super-large deposits. Adapted from [57].

图9 综合致矿信息数字找矿方法流程(引自文献[15,16])

Fig.9 Flowchart of digital mineral exploration using integrated ore-forming information. Adapted from [15-16].

图10 个旧—薄竹山矿集区区域地质矿产分布(引自文献[16])

Fig.10 Regional geologic and mineral resources distributions in the Gejiu-Bozhushan ore-rich area. Adapted from [16].

表1 个旧—薄竹山矿集区样品单元成矿有利度频率和累积频率

Table 1 Ore-forming favorability frequency and cumulative frequency of sample units in the Gejiu-Bozhushan ore-rich area

组间距	频数	频率/%	累积频率/%	组间距	频数	频率/%	累积频率/%
0.1~0.2	2	0.69	0.69	1.1~1.2	12	4.17	92.01
0.2~0.3	10	3.47	4.17	1.2~1.3	6	2.08	94.10
0.3~0.4	17	5.90	10.07	1.3~1.4	4	1.39	95.49
0.4~0.5	60	20.83	30.90	1.4~1.5	3	1.04	96.53
0.5~0.6	51	17.71	48.61	1.5~1.6	4	1.39	97.92
0.6~0.7	37	12.85	61.46	1.6~1.7	3	1.04	98.96
0.7~0.8	28	9.72	71.18	1.7~1.8	0	0.00	98.96
0.8~0.9	23	7.99	79.17	1.8~1.9	2	0.69	99.65
0.9~1.0	16	5.56	84.72	1.9~2.0	1	0.35	100
1.0~1.1	9	3.13	87.85

图11 个旧—薄竹山矿集区样品单元成矿有利度累积频率分布

Fig.11 Frequency distribution of ore-forming favorability of sample units in the Gejiu-Bozhushan ore-rich area

图12 个旧—薄竹山矿集区Sn-Cu和Ag-Pb-Zn多金属矿产资源体潜在地段分布

Fig.12 Distribution of potential Sn-Cu and Ag-Pb-Zn polymetallic mineral resources zones in the Gejiu-Bozhushan ore-rich area

表2 靶区找矿优度及找矿概率

Table 2 Ore prospecting priority and prospecting probability of the target area

靶区编号	S_i/km²	F_i	P_Oi	P_i
I	125	0.95	119	0.05
II	325	1.24	403	0.34
III	275	1.12	307	0.24
IV	250	0.86	214	0.15
V	825	1.28	1056	1
VI	75	0.86	64.5	0
VII	100	0.9	90.25	0.02
VIII	175	0.95	166.25	0.1

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