Au-(Ag)-Te-Se成矿系统与成矿作用

doi:10.13745/j.esf.sf.2020.3.13

地学前缘 ›› 2020, Vol. 27 ›› Issue (2): 79-98.DOI: 10.13745/j.esf.sf.2020.3.13

Au-(Ag)-Te-Se成矿系统与成矿作用

刘家军¹^,²(), 翟德高¹^,², 王大钊³, 高燊⁴, 尹超¹^,², 柳振江¹^,², 王建平¹^,², 王银宏¹^,², 张方方¹^,²

1.中国地质大学地质过程与矿产资源国家重点实验室, 北京 100083
2.中国地质大学(北京) 地球科学与资源学院, 北京 100083
3.东华理工大学核资源与环境国家重点实验室, 江西南昌 330013
4.中国科学院地质与地球物理研究所中国科学院矿产资源研究重点实验室, 北京 100029

收稿日期:2020-01-18 修回日期:2020-02-25 出版日期:2020-03-25 发布日期:2020-03-25
作者简介:刘家军(1963—),男,教授,博士生导师,主要从事矿床学研究。E-mail: liujiajun@cugb.edu.cn
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金项目(41730426);国家自然科学基金项目(41573036);中国地质调查局中国矿产地质志项目(DD20190379-87)

Classification and mineralization of the Au-(Ag)-Te-Se deposits

LIU Jiajun¹^,²(), ZHAI Degao¹^,², WANG Dazhao³, GAO Shen⁴, YIN Chao¹^,², LIU Zhenjiang¹^,², WANG Jianping¹^,², WANG Yinhong¹^,², ZHANG Fangfang¹^,²

1. State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China
2. School of Earth Sciences and Resources, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China
3. State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Resource and Environment, East China University of Technology, Nanchang 330013, China
4. Key Laboratory of Mineral Resources,Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China

Received:2020-01-18 Revised:2020-02-25 Online:2020-03-25 Published:2020-03-25

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

根据金矿床中碲、硒赋存特点与富集程度,可将Au-(Ag)-Te-Se成矿系统的矿床成因类型划分为:(1) 浅成低温热液型金-银矿床;(2) 造山型金矿床;(3) 卡林-类卡林型金矿床;(4) 碱性-偏碱性侵入岩型金矿床;(5)斑岩型(铜)金矿床;(6) 夕卡岩型(铜)金矿床;(7) VMS型金多金属矿床。碲、硒都是亲地幔的元素,侵入岩与火山岩是Au-(Ag)-Te-Se成矿系统中碲、硒的重要来源,黑色岩系也是硒的重要来源。温度、pH、氧逸度等是控制Te、Se的迁移与富集的重要因素。Au-(Ag)-Te-Se成矿系统的成矿机制与岩浆脱气、流体-熔体分离、水-岩反应、流体沸腾与混合、有机作用密切相关。其中岩浆脱气、流体-熔体分离、流体沸腾与流体混合是碲化物型金矿床的重要成矿机制,而水-岩反应、流体混合、有机作用是硒化物型金矿床的重要成矿机制。在成矿过程中,先期形成一些亚稳定或不稳定的过渡态矿物易发生固溶体分离作用,或是不饱和流体与已形成的矿物发生溶解-再沉淀作用,导致矿石具有丰富的物质组成和结构特点。

关键词: 金矿床, Au-(Ag)-Te-Se成矿系统, 矿床成因类型, 成矿作用

Abstract:

The genetic types of Au-(Ag)-Te-Se metallogenic systems can be classified according to the characteristics of occurrence and degrees of tellurium and selenium enrichment in gold deposits as (1) epithermal Au-Ag deposits, (2) orogenic gold deposits, (3) Carlin and Carlin-like gold deposits, (4) alkaline and subalkaline intrusion-related gold deposits, (5) Cu-Au porphyry deposits, (6) Cu-Au skarn deposits, and (7) gold-polymetallic volcanogenic massive sulphide (VMS) deposits. Tellurium and selenium preferentially partition in the mantle while intrusive and volcanic rocks are important sources of Te and Se in the Au-(Ag)-Te-Se metallogenic system. Moreover, black rock series are important sources of Se, whilst temperature, pH and oxygen fugacity are important controllers of Te-Se transport and enrichment. The ore-forming mechanisms of the Au-(Ag)-Te-Se metallogenic systems are closely related to magmatic degassing, fluid-melt separation, water-rock interactions, fluid boiling and mixing, and organic processes. Among them, magmatic degassing, fluid-melt separation, fluid boiling and mixing are important mechanisms in the formation of telluride-rich gold deposits, while water-rock interactions, fluid mixing and organic processes are important mechanisms in the formation of selenide-rich gold deposits. During ore formation, some metastable or unstable minerals precipitated in early stages usually experience solid solution separation, and minerals in contact with unsaturated fluids often trigger coupled dissolution-reprecipitation reactions; both processes result in the formation of various mineral assemblages and ore textures.

Key words: gold deposit, Au-(Ag)-Te-Se metallogenic system, genetic types of deposits, metallogenesis

中图分类号:

P611.1

刘家军, 翟德高, 王大钊, 高燊, 尹超, 柳振江, 王建平, 王银宏, 张方方. Au-(Ag)-Te-Se成矿系统与成矿作用[J]. 地学前缘, 2020, 27(2): 79-98.

LIU Jiajun, ZHAI Degao, WANG Dazhao, GAO Shen, YIN Chao, LIU Zhenjiang, WANG Jianping, WANG Yinhong, ZHANG Fangfang. Classification and mineralization of the Au-(Ag)-Te-Se deposits[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 2020, 27(2): 79-98.

图/表 6

图1 三道湾子Au-Ag-Te矿床中的碲化物矿物组合反射光照片。A—碲金矿与自然金的固溶体圆球粒包裹于碲金银矿和碲银矿中,圆球粒边缘分布有碲金矿;B—石英中的自然金与碲金银矿共生;C—碲金银矿、碲银矿与碲铅矿共生,碲金矿-自然金与碲金银矿-碲银矿共生;D—针碲金银矿与碲金银矿共生,并与黄铜矿和闪锌矿共生;E—针碲金银矿与碲金矿共生,被碲金银矿和碲银矿细脉交代;F—碲银矿与碲金银矿、斜方碲金矿、针碲金银矿共生;G—碲铅矿与针碲金银矿、斜方碲金矿共生,并与碲金银矿-碲银矿交生体接触;H—晚期形成的自然金交代碲金银矿、碲银矿和碲铅矿。Cav—碲金矿;Hes—碲银矿;Kre—斜方碲金矿;Ptz—碲金银矿;Syl—针碲金银矿;Alt—碲铅矿;Au—自然金;Cp—黄铜矿;Sp—闪锌矿;Qtz-石英。

Fig.1 Photomicrograph of telluride mineral assemblages at the Sandaowanzi Au-Ag-Te deposit

图2 拉尔玛—邛莫Au-Se矿床中的硒化物矿物组合反射光照片。A—硒汞矿与自然金、重晶石共生;B—自然金与硒汞矿、辉锑矿、重晶石共生;C—硒汞矿与重晶石共生;D—硒锑矿与辉锑矿、重晶石、Ni-As-Se-S矿物共生;E—硒铅矿与铜蓝、重晶石共生;F—硒汞矿与硒锑矿、辉锑矿、块硫锑铜矿、重晶石共生;G—含Se块硫锑铜矿与含Se铜蓝、重晶石共生;H—斜方硒镍矿与赤铁矿、重晶石共生(BSE图像);I—富含Se的辉锑矿(BSE图像)。Tie—硒汞矿;Ans—硒锑矿;Kul—斜方硒镍矿;Cla—硒铅矿;Nse—Ni-As-S-Se矿物;Au—自然金;Stb—含Se辉锑矿;Cv—含Se铜蓝;Fam—含Se块硫锑铜矿;Au—自然金;Brt—重晶石;Qtz-石英;Hem—赤铁矿。

Fig.2 Photomicrograph of sellenide mineral assemblages at the La’erma and Qiongmo Au-Se deposits

图3 东坪Au-Te矿床碲化物矿物组合反射光照片。A—碲金矿+碲金银矿+自然金矿物组合产在黄铁矿中;B—碲金矿+碲金银矿+自然金+黄铜矿矿物组合产在黄铁矿中;C—自然金+碲铅矿产在黄铁矿中;D—自然金+碲金银矿+碲金矿+杂碲金银矿矿物组合产在黄铁矿中;E—自然金+方铅矿+碲铋矿+辉碲铋矿矿物组合;F—碲铅矿+铅碲铋矿+碲银矿+碲铋银矿矿物组合产在黄铁矿中;G—碲铋矿+针碲金银矿产在黄铁矿中;H—TeO2填充方铅矿和黄铜矿裂缝中。Au—自然金;Alt—碲铅矿;Cav—碲金矿;Hes—碲银矿;Ptz—碲金银矿;Syl—针碲金银矿;Mut—杂碲金银矿;Voy—碲铋银矿;Ted—辉碲铋矿;Tel—碲铋矿;Rkl—铅碲铋矿;TeO2—碲氧化物;Py—黄铁矿;Cp—黄铜矿;Gn—方铅矿;Qtz—石英。

Fig.3 Photomicrograph of telluride mineral assemblages at the Dongping Au-Te deposit

图4 大湖Au-Mo-Te矿床碲化物矿物组合反射光照片。A—方铅矿中碲铅矿、碲金矿、碲金银矿与自然金和黄铜矿共生;B—方铅矿中自然金与碲铅矿紧密共生;C—方铅矿中六方碲银矿与碲铅矿和黄铜矿紧密共生;D—黄铁矿中的碲铋矿;E—黄铁矿中硫铜铅铋矿与辉碲铋矿共生;F—硫铜铅铋矿、针硫铋铅矿和辉碲铋矿充填在黄铁矿中;G—铋铜铅矿交代黄铁矿;H—萨硫碲铋铅矿与黄铜矿共生于黄铁矿孔隙中。Ttr—辉碲铋矿;Tlb—碲铋矿;Alt—碲铅矿;Cav—碲金矿;Ptz—碲金银矿;Stz—六方碲银矿;Sbk—萨硫碲铋铅矿;Py—黄铁矿;Cp—黄铜矿;Gn—方铅矿;Sp—闪锌矿;Krp—铋铜铅矿;Akn—针硫铋铅矿;Ham—硫铜铅铋矿;Au—自然金;Qtz—石英。

Fig.4 Photomicrograph of telluride mineral assemblages at the Dahu Au-Mo-Te deposit

图5 碲化物的固溶体出溶结构 A—碲金银矿-碲银矿-针碲金银矿固溶体分离(反射光,东坪);B—碲金银矿-碲金矿固溶体分离(BSE图像,三道湾子);C—碲金银矿-碲银矿固溶体出溶结构(BSE图像,三道湾子);D—碲金银矿-碲银矿、针碲金银矿-斜方碲金矿固溶体分离(BSE图像,三道湾子)。Cav—碲金矿;Hes—碲银矿;Kre—斜方碲金矿;Ptz—碲金银矿;Syl—针碲金银矿;Alt—碲铅矿;Qtz—石英。

Fig.5 The exsolution texture of telluride solid solution

图6 东坪Au-Te矿床中微孔隙金显微照片和二次电子图像 A,C,E—原生矿石中微孔隙金;B,D,F—对应于左图中微孔隙金颗粒的二次电子图像。MA—微孔隙金;Cav—碲金矿; Ptz—碲金银矿;Py—黄铁矿;Qtz—石英;Brt—重晶石;Lim—褐铁矿。

Fig.6 Photomicrograph and secondary electron images of microporous gold at the Dongping Au-Te deposit

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Au-(Ag)-Te-Se成矿系统与成矿作用

Classification and mineralization of the Au-(Ag)-Te-Se deposits

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