Quaternary Qiongdongnan Basin in South China Sea: Shelf-edge trajectory migration and deep-water depositional models

doi:10.13745/j.esf.sf.2022.1.2

Abstract

Abstract:

The shelf-edge trajectory is comprehensively controlled by tectonics, sediment supply, sea level and climate, and its migration and evolution are closely related to the deep-water depositional systems. The shelf-edge clinoform stacking pattern, sediment-budget partition in deep-water areas and reservoir evaluations are current geoscience hot topics. Based on the newly acquired high-precision, high-density 2D seismic data of the Qiongdongnan Basin (QDNB), this paper quantitatively characterized the Quaternary shelf-edge trajectory and identified three trajectory types in QDNB: flat to slightly rising, moderately rising and steeply rising types. Since 2.4 Ma the temporal evolution of the shelf-edge trajectory in QDNB can be divided into three stages with lateral differences: 2.4-1.9 Ma, mainly the slightly rising type; 1.9-0.8 Ma, the slightly rising type in the western part and moderately rising type in the eastern part; 0.8 Ma-present, the moderately rising type in the western part and steeply rising type in the eastern part. The vertical migration of the shelf-edge trajectory is jointly controlled by the rise and fall of sea level caused by climate change and associated with sediment supply. The differences in tectonic activity and provenance supply lead to lateral variations of the shelf-edge trajectory and progradation or aggradation stacking patterns. According to the above studies, when the shelf-edge trajectory angle, α, is between 0° and 4°, the continental slope canyons are small-scaled and shallow mostly, with developments of multistage large-scale submarine fan deposits in the deep-water area but less mass-transport deposits (MTDs). When 4° <α< 35° the continental slope canyons increase in scale, with occurrences of both submarine fan deposits and MTDs. When 35°<α<90° a few but steep continental slope canyons are developed, along with developments of mainly large-scale MTDs in the deep-water plains, almost without submarine fan deposits. Since the Quaternary the temperature in QDNB continues to drop while the East Asian winter monsoon increases significantly, causing the sediment supply to increase; while decreasing sea level results in progradation at the northwestern shelf edge. In comparison, frequent fault activities and relatively low sediment supply at the northeastern shelf edge result in a much shorter slope advance distance and developments of multistage MTDs. Results of this study have theoretical significance for the predictions of continental shelf-edge system and deep-water deposition in QDNB and other basins.

Key words: Qiongdongnan Basin, Quaternary, shelf-edge trajectory, quantitative characterization, deep-water depositional system

CLC Number:

P736.21
P737

MA Chang, GE Jiawang, ZHAO Xiaoming, LIAO Jin, YAO Zhe, ZHU Jitian, FANG Xiaoyu, XIANG Zhu. Quaternary Qiongdongnan Basin in South China Sea: Shelf-edge trajectory migration and deep-water depositional models[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 2022, 29(4): 55-72.

Figures/Tables 16

References 52

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气候条件	物源供给	可容纳空间	沉积模式
寒冷干旱	低物源供给	低可容纳空间	陆坡发育砂岩、浊积岩,富含砂质的海底扇
		中可容纳空间	发育海底水道峡谷,泥质的斜坡和盆地平原
		高可容纳空间	深水区沉积大量泥质运输体系
	高物源供给	低可容纳空间	陆坡发育砂岩、浊积岩,富含砂质的海底扇
		中可容纳空间	发育浊积岩朵叶体、水道-天然堤复合体,三角洲前缘,高水位情况下的浊积扇朵叶-水道充填复合体的海底扇
		高可容纳空间	三角洲前缘和海侵形成的泥岩
温暖潮湿	低物源供给	低可容纳空间	陆坡发育厚层砂体,砂质盆底扇
	低物源供给	中可容纳空间	泥质陆坡、盆底扇平原
	高物源供给	低可容纳空间	分布面积广泛、厚度大、体积大的盆底扇,砂质河道充填
	高物源供给	中可容纳空间	砂泥交互的沉积体系,海底扇有浊积岩朵叶、水道充填,深水泥质沉积

气候条件	物源供给	可容纳空间	沉积模式
寒冷干旱	低物源供给	低可容纳空间	陆坡发育砂岩、浊积岩,富含砂质的海底扇
		中可容纳空间	发育海底水道峡谷,泥质的斜坡和盆地平原
		高可容纳空间	深水区沉积大量泥质运输体系
	高物源供给	低可容纳空间	陆坡发育砂岩、浊积岩,富含砂质的海底扇
		中可容纳空间	发育浊积岩朵叶体、水道-天然堤复合体,三角洲前缘,高水位情况下的浊积扇朵叶-水道充填复合体的海底扇
		高可容纳空间	三角洲前缘和海侵形成的泥岩
温暖潮湿	低物源供给	低可容纳空间	陆坡发育厚层砂体,砂质盆底扇
	低物源供给	中可容纳空间	泥质陆坡、盆底扇平原
	高物源供给	低可容纳空间	分布面积广泛、厚度大、体积大的盆底扇,砂质河道充填
	高物源供给	中可容纳空间	砂泥交互的沉积体系,海底扇有浊积岩朵叶、水道充填,深水泥质沉积

测线	层位	A/m	P/m	R_a/ (m·Ma^-1)	R_p/ (m·Ma^-1)	F_c/ (m²·Ma^-1)
1	T27-T20	174.66	6 237.50	194.07	6 930.56	1 210.49
	T20-T14	243.34	11 362.50	243.34	11 362.50	2 764.95
	T14-T0	826.40	6 737.50	1 033.00	8 421.88	6 959.84
2	T27-T20	125.48	9 287.50	139.42	10 319.44	1 294.88
	T20-T14	354.60	8 712.50	354.60	8 712.50	3 089.45
	T14-T0	756.64	5 587.50	945.80	6 984.38	5 284.66
3	T27-T20	51.12	7 300.00	56.80	8 111.11	414.64
	T20-T14	369.52	10 650.00	369.52	10 650.00	3 935.39
	T14-T0	701.36	2 037.50	876.70	2 546.88	1 786.28
4	T27-T20	162.00	5 575.00	180.00	6 194.44	1 003.50
	T20-T14	293.84	9 212.50	293.84	9 212.50	2 707.00
	T14-T0	708.16	5 150.00	885.20	6 437.50	4 558.78
5	T27-T20	105.46	4 862.50	117.18	5 402.78	569.78
	T20-T14	105.36	8 362.50	105.36	8 362.50	881.07
	T14-T0	853.04	1 712.50	1 066.30	2 140.63	1 826.04
6	T27-T20	62.96	3 962.50	69.96	4 402.78	277.20
	T20-T14	199.40	4 175.00	199.40	4175.00	832.50
	T14-T0	988.44	1 587.50	1 235.55	1 984.38	1 961.44
7	T27-T20	58.68	3 600.00	65.20	4 000.00	234.72
	T20-T14	358.52	4 662.50	358.52	4 662.50	1 671.60
	T14-T0	768.80	1 225.00	961.00	1 531.25	1 177.23
8	T27-T20	263.76	2 850.00	293.07	3 166.67	835.24
	T20-T14	136.00	2 275.00	136.00	2 275.00	309.40
	T14-T0	751.48	2 675.00	939.35	3 343.75	2 512.76
9	T27-T20	79.52	4 812.50	88.36	5 347.22	425.21
	T20-T14	84.24	1 687.50	84.24	1 687.50	142.16
	T14-T0	768.48	1 187.5	960.60	1 484.38	1 140.71
10	T27-T20	95.64	2 387.50	106.27	2 652.78	253.71
	T20-T14	77.88	4 250.00	77.88	4 250.00	330.99
	T14-T0	768.04	25.00	960.05	31.25	24.00
11	T27-T20	95.32	3 387.50	105.91	3 763.89	358.77
	T20-T14	94.44	3 850.00	94.44	3 850.00	363.59
	T14-T0	762.44	987.50	953.05	1 234.38	941.14
12	T27-T20	123.28	612.50	136.98	680.56	83.90
	T20-T14	294.28	262.50	294.28	262.50	77.25
	T14-T0	647.92	150.00	809.90	187.50	121.49

测线	层位	A/m	P/m	R_a/ (m·Ma^-1)	R_p/ (m·Ma^-1)	F_c/ (m²·Ma^-1)
1	T27-T20	174.66	6 237.50	194.07	6 930.56	1 210.49
	T20-T14	243.34	11 362.50	243.34	11 362.50	2 764.95
	T14-T0	826.40	6 737.50	1 033.00	8 421.88	6 959.84
2	T27-T20	125.48	9 287.50	139.42	10 319.44	1 294.88
	T20-T14	354.60	8 712.50	354.60	8 712.50	3 089.45
	T14-T0	756.64	5 587.50	945.80	6 984.38	5 284.66
3	T27-T20	51.12	7 300.00	56.80	8 111.11	414.64
	T20-T14	369.52	10 650.00	369.52	10 650.00	3 935.39
	T14-T0	701.36	2 037.50	876.70	2 546.88	1 786.28
4	T27-T20	162.00	5 575.00	180.00	6 194.44	1 003.50
	T20-T14	293.84	9 212.50	293.84	9 212.50	2 707.00
	T14-T0	708.16	5 150.00	885.20	6 437.50	4 558.78
5	T27-T20	105.46	4 862.50	117.18	5 402.78	569.78
	T20-T14	105.36	8 362.50	105.36	8 362.50	881.07
	T14-T0	853.04	1 712.50	1 066.30	2 140.63	1 826.04
6	T27-T20	62.96	3 962.50	69.96	4 402.78	277.20
	T20-T14	199.40	4 175.00	199.40	4175.00	832.50
	T14-T0	988.44	1 587.50	1 235.55	1 984.38	1 961.44
7	T27-T20	58.68	3 600.00	65.20	4 000.00	234.72
	T20-T14	358.52	4 662.50	358.52	4 662.50	1 671.60
	T14-T0	768.80	1 225.00	961.00	1 531.25	1 177.23
8	T27-T20	263.76	2 850.00	293.07	3 166.67	835.24
	T20-T14	136.00	2 275.00	136.00	2 275.00	309.40
	T14-T0	751.48	2 675.00	939.35	3 343.75	2 512.76
9	T27-T20	79.52	4 812.50	88.36	5 347.22	425.21
	T20-T14	84.24	1 687.50	84.24	1 687.50	142.16
	T14-T0	768.48	1 187.5	960.60	1 484.38	1 140.71
10	T27-T20	95.64	2 387.50	106.27	2 652.78	253.71
	T20-T14	77.88	4 250.00	77.88	4 250.00	330.99
	T14-T0	768.04	25.00	960.05	31.25	24.00
11	T27-T20	95.32	3 387.50	105.91	3 763.89	358.77
	T20-T14	94.44	3 850.00	94.44	3 850.00	363.59
	T14-T0	762.44	987.50	953.05	1 234.38	941.14
12	T27-T20	123.28	612.50	136.98	680.56	83.90
	T20-T14	294.28	262.50	294.28	262.50	77.25
	T14-T0	647.92	150.00	809.90	187.50	121.49