Dominant heat transfer mechanism in buried-hill reservoirs in North China: A case study in Xiong’an new area

doi:10.13745/j.esf.sf.2024.7.10

Abstract

Abstract:

Buried-hill reservoirs are the primary geothermal reservoirs widely developed in northern China. They are characterized by significant heat storage capacity, shallow depth, and easy re-injection. The reservoirs, constrained by their physical properties, spatial distribution, and geological structures, have diverse heat control mechanisms and complex heat transfer processes, and recent research is focused on the heat transfer and accumulation mechanisms. In this paper, based on the analysis of geothermal exploration wells constructed in Xiong’an, we propose a theory of dominant heat transfer in the buried-hill geothermal field of North China. According to this theory, the heat source of the buried-hill reservoirs originates mainly from the deep mantle, while the crustal heat flow is less than 30 mW/m. The enhanced mantle convection from the destruction of the North China Craton (NCC) leads to dominant heat flow from the deep mantle to shallower depths, and with the tensile thinning of the lithosphere in the NCC the surface heat flow increases significantly. The high thermal conductivity buried-hill reservoirs creates conductive dominant heat flow, vertically and horizontally, towards the carbonate reservoirs, while fluid circulation in the highly porous carbonate reservoirs creates convective dominant heat flow. Faulting exacerbates the conduction and convection heat gathering effect along the fault direction. The temperature profiles of boreholes at various sites in the buried hill exhibit five types: conduction, conduction-convection-conduction, conduction-convection-weak convection, conduction-strong convection, and conduction-weak convection. The percentage of thermal convection in groundwater in the Rongcheng Fault was calculated to be 29.2%. Through comprehensive analysis of the influencing factors of the dominant heat flow and heat accumulation in the buried-hill geothermal field, this research provides new insights into the heat transfer mechanism in North China.

Key words: buried-hill geothermal reservoirs, dominant heat transfer mechanism, temperature logging, geothermal field, Xiong’an new area

CLC Number:

P314

WANG Guiling, MA Feng, ZHANG Wei, ZHU Xi, YU Mingxiao, ZHANG Hanxiong, LUO Cheng. Dominant heat transfer mechanism in buried-hill reservoirs in North China: A case study in Xiong’an new area[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 2024, 31(6): 52-66.

Figures/Tables 14

Fig.1 Distribution of crust-source and mantle-source heat flows in the North China Plain

Fig.2 Vertical heat generation rate of typical geothermal boreholes in North China

Fig.3 Distribution of geothermal boreholes in Xiong’an

Fig.4 Histogram of thermal conductivity of different epochs in Xiong’an

Fig.5 Temperature contour maps at 1000 m (a) and 2000 m (b) in Xiong’an

Fig.6 Thermal mechanism of the destruction of the NCC. Adapted from [12].

Fig.7 Temperature measurement curve of typical geothermal wells in Xiong’an

Fig.8 Schematic diagram of heat transfer in a buried-hill reservoir

Table 1 Calculation of heat flow in the cover layer of geothermal boreholes in Xiong’an

序号	井号	井深/m	盖层厚度/m	井口温度/℃	顶部温度/℃	地温梯度/ (℃·0.01m^-1)	热导率/ (W·m^-1·K^-1)	大地热流/ (mW·m^-2)
1	D01	3 395.2	1 186.5	64	74	4.21	1.86	78.31
2	D11	2 520	800	71	70.2	6.62	1.65	109.23
3	D13	2 506	998	58	61.2	4.51	1.72	77.57
4	D14	2 518	755	59	47.2	3.68	1.98	72.86
5	D15	3 111	2 623	67	78	2.41	2.83	68.20
6	D16	3 003.2	980	69	71	3.21	2.00	64.33
7	D17	4 005.6	2 592.8	78	77.4	2.85	2.17	61.93
8	D18	3 500	2 130	93.1	91	3.44	2.13	73.27
9	D20	1 812	1 098	71	73	5.57	1.71	95.25
10	D34	4 517	3 458.78	123.4	130	2.43	2.66	64.63
11	D35	3 853	3 660	109.2	120.1	2.60	2.35	61.15

Fig.9 Variations of geothermal reservoir temperature (left) and capping ground temperature gradient (right) with geothermal reservoir cap thickness

Fig.10 Relationship between terrestrial heat flow and burial depth of geothermal reservoir cap

Fig.11 Schematic diagram of the tectonic section of the Bohai Bay Basin. Adapted from [36].

Fig.12 Linear regression relationship between lnq and z’

Table 2 Calculation of convective heat flow in the Rongcheng fault zone

名称	计算段/m	温度梯度/ (10^-2℃·m^-1)	热导率/ (W·m^-1·K^-1)	地下水流速/ (10^-10m·s^-1)	计算热流/ (mW·m^-2)	对流热量/ (mW·m^-2)	对流贡献
容城断裂(D17、D18)	1 650~2 033	2.05	2.39	5.24	49.1	16.9	29.2%

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