Geochemical characteristics and genesis of lithium rich clay rocks in the Pudi area of northwestern Guizhou

doi:10.13745/j.esf.sf.2023.11.20

Abstract

Abstract:

The Permian Liangshan Formation in the Pudi area of northwest Guizhou Province directly overlays the Cambrian Loushanguan Formation, exhibiting abnormal lithium enrichment in its clay rocks. Studying the enrichment mechanism provides valuable insights for lithium resource development and evaluation in clay rocks, as well as understanding lithium accumulation mechanisms. Various analytical methods including LA-ICP-MS, mapping, AMICS, XRD, SEM, along with U-Pb chronology, are employed to elucidate the elemental geochemistry, provenances, and occurrence states of lithium enrichment in clay rocks. Results reveal lithium-rich clay rocks primarily in the middle and lower sections of the Permian Liangshan Formation, with their occurrence controlled by the karst unconformity surface of the underlying Loushanguan Formation dolomite. Enriched elements such as Li, Ga, V, Nb, Zr, and F are identified, while Ba and Sr are relatively depleted. Light rare earth elements (La, Ce, Nd) predominate, with Y as the main heavy rare earth element. Lithium-rich clay rocks comprise terrestrial deposits with characteristics of terrestrial, transitional, and marine phases, formed in an oxidized environment under a tropical-subtropical warm and humid climate. The zircon age spectrum exhibits five peaks at 2.5 Ga, 1.4 Ga, 980 Ma, 780 Ma, and 530 Ma, with the main peaks at 980 Ma, 780 Ma, and 530 Ma. Lithium in the clay rocks mainly occurs within kaolinite, indicating multiple sources, with impure dolomite of the Cambrian Loushanguan Formation likely being the primary source.

Key words: enrichment mechanism, provenances, existence state, sedimentary lithium deposit, Pudi area, northwest Guizhou

CLC Number:

P618.71

ZHANG Qidao, LI Dezong, LI Zhiwei, WANG Donghui, YU Yifan, ZHU Xingqiang, CAI Quanyu, LI Ming. Geochemical characteristics and genesis of lithium rich clay rocks in the Pudi area of northwestern Guizhou[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 2024, 31(4): 258-280.

Figures/Tables 19

References 98

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编号	w_B/%										CIA
编号	SiO₂	Al₂O₃	TFe₂O₃	CaO	MgO	Na₂O	K₂O	TiO₂	P₂O₅	LOI	CIA
BT209-0-1QY	71.19	11.46	4.41	0.05	0.93	0.09	3.3	1.06	0.04	6.94	75.55
BT209-2-2-2QY	41.07	33.59	9.13	0.04	0.2	0.18	0.4	1.55	0.02	13.47	97.81
BT209-3-4-1QY	44.86	37.05	1.89	0.05	0.25	0.11	0.46	1.75	0.02	13.21	98.07
BT209-3-3-1QY	44.34	35.98	3.61	0.04	0.34	0.32	0.87	1.55	0.04	12.59	96.17
BT209-3-1-1QY	28.94	26.07	21.45	2.97	1.93	0.26	1.61	0.51	0.04	15.73	77.75
BT212-3-1QY	43.57	36.96	2.59	0.04	0.27	0.07	0.49	1.22	0.02	14.32	98.2
BT212-4-7-1QY	27.19	24.33	30.84	0.08	0.21	0.08	0.31	1.46	0.04	15.03	97.94
BT212-4-5-1QY	42.79	32.19	7.63	0.08	0.64	0.21	2.38	1.9	0.03	11.77	91.48
BT212-4-3-1QY	47.73	27.71	6.24	0.05	2	0.25	6.86	1.23	0.05	7.52	78.03
BT212-4-1-1QY	61.16	16.65	9.01	0.21	0.92	0.07	1.36	0.35	0.05	9.74	90.03

编号	w_B/%										CIA
编号	SiO₂	Al₂O₃	TFe₂O₃	CaO	MgO	Na₂O	K₂O	TiO₂	P₂O₅	LOI	CIA
BT209-0-1QY	71.19	11.46	4.41	0.05	0.93	0.09	3.3	1.06	0.04	6.94	75.55
BT209-2-2-2QY	41.07	33.59	9.13	0.04	0.2	0.18	0.4	1.55	0.02	13.47	97.81
BT209-3-4-1QY	44.86	37.05	1.89	0.05	0.25	0.11	0.46	1.75	0.02	13.21	98.07
BT209-3-3-1QY	44.34	35.98	3.61	0.04	0.34	0.32	0.87	1.55	0.04	12.59	96.17
BT209-3-1-1QY	28.94	26.07	21.45	2.97	1.93	0.26	1.61	0.51	0.04	15.73	77.75
BT212-3-1QY	43.57	36.96	2.59	0.04	0.27	0.07	0.49	1.22	0.02	14.32	98.2
BT212-4-7-1QY	27.19	24.33	30.84	0.08	0.21	0.08	0.31	1.46	0.04	15.03	97.94
BT212-4-5-1QY	42.79	32.19	7.63	0.08	0.64	0.21	2.38	1.9	0.03	11.77	91.48
BT212-4-3-1QY	47.73	27.71	6.24	0.05	2	0.25	6.86	1.23	0.05	7.52	78.03
BT212-4-1-1QY	61.16	16.65	9.01	0.21	0.92	0.07	1.36	0.35	0.05	9.74	90.03

样品编号	w_B/10^-6
样品编号	La	Ce		Pr		Nd		Sm		Eu		Gd		Tb	Dy		Ho		Er		Tm	Yb	Lu
BT212-3-1QY	9.64	27.6		2.69		10.11		2.25		0.62		2.91		0.69	4.47		0.95		2.85		0.5	3.29	0.51
BT209-3-4-1QY	22.64	40.33		2.33		7.18		1.67		0.4		2.68		0.67	5.24		1.29		4.28		0.78	5.38	0.83
BT209-3-3-1QY	84.98	156.7		9.78		32.16		6.62		1.18		7.04		1.12	6.99		1.62		5.4		1.05	7.91	1.25
BT209-2-2-2QY	15.44	32.33		2.76		9.49		1.86		0.4		2.22		0.52	3.81		0.91		2.83		0.48	3.25	0.49
BT212-2-1QY	47.45	94.04		8.99		29.52		5.66		1		6.05		1.13	6.98		1.47		4.18		0.65	4.05	0.59
BT212-4-7-1QY	13.06	27.7		2.07		6.93		1.57		0.4		2.02		0.5	3.63		0.85		2.7		0.49	3.38	0.53
BT212-4-5-1QY	37.4	64.59		3.89		10.7		1.9		0.49		3.04		0.73	5.63		1.35		4.42		0.82	5.75	0.89
BT212-4-3-1QY	101.6	154		16.32		57.06		10.44		1.84		10.33		2	12.48		2.56		7.18		1.14	6.92	1.05
BT209-3-1-1QY	957.6	1 540.00		269.5		1 077.00		245.7		40.76		208.8		29.81	134		22.53		54.59		7.6	48.63	7.13
BT212-4-1-1QY	41.09	499.6		16.69		65.33		21.51		4.08		22.87		3.33	17.05		3.07		8.29		1.34	8.95	1.32
BT209-0-1QY	43.49	95.73		10.76		41.42		7.36		1.22		5.92		0.97	5.46		1.11		3.18		0.52	3.4	0.52
样品编号	w_B/10^-6								LREE/HREE		(La/Yb)_N			δEu			δCe		(La/Sm)_N			(Gd/Yb)_N	(La/Ce)_N
样品编号	Y		ΣREE		LREE		HREE		LREE/HREE		(La/Yb)_N			δEu			δCe		(La/Sm)_N			(Gd/Yb)_N	(La/Ce)_N
BT212-3-1QY	23.51		92.58		52.9		39.68		1.33		1.98		0.75			1.26		2.7		0.72			0.91
BT209-3-4-1QY	33.88		129.58		74.55		55.03		1.35		2.84		0.58			1.07		8.55		0.4			1.46
BT209-3-3-1QY	39.2		362.99		291.41		71.58		4.07		7.26		0.52			1.08		8.08		0.72			1.41
BT209-2-2-2QY	24.9		101.7		62.28		39.41		1.58		3.21		0.59			1.09		5.22		0.55			1.25
BT212-2-1QY	40.37		252.12		186.66		65.46		2.85		7.92		0.52			1.01		5.28		1.21			1.32
BT212-4-7-1QY	20.52		86.32		51.72		34.6		1.49		2.61		0.68			1.14		5.24		0.48			1.23
BT212-4-5-1QY	31.23		172.82		118.97		53.85		2.21		4.39		0.62			1.04		12.4		0.43			1.51
BT212-4-3-1QY	66.42		451.34		341.26		110.08		3.1		9.92		0.54			0.81		6.13		1.21			1.72
BT209-3-1-1QY	451.2		5 094.85		4 130.56		964.29		4.28		13.31		0.54			0.7		2.45		3.48			1.62
BT212-4-1-1QY	53.95		768.45		648.3		120.16		5.4		3.1		0.56			4.47		1.2		2.07			0.21
BT209-0-1QY	27.95		249		199.98		49.02		4.08		8.66		0.55			1.02		3.72		1.41			1.18

样品编号	w_B/10^-6
样品编号	La	Ce		Pr		Nd		Sm		Eu		Gd		Tb	Dy		Ho		Er		Tm	Yb	Lu
BT212-3-1QY	9.64	27.6		2.69		10.11		2.25		0.62		2.91		0.69	4.47		0.95		2.85		0.5	3.29	0.51
BT209-3-4-1QY	22.64	40.33		2.33		7.18		1.67		0.4		2.68		0.67	5.24		1.29		4.28		0.78	5.38	0.83
BT209-3-3-1QY	84.98	156.7		9.78		32.16		6.62		1.18		7.04		1.12	6.99		1.62		5.4		1.05	7.91	1.25
BT209-2-2-2QY	15.44	32.33		2.76		9.49		1.86		0.4		2.22		0.52	3.81		0.91		2.83		0.48	3.25	0.49
BT212-2-1QY	47.45	94.04		8.99		29.52		5.66		1		6.05		1.13	6.98		1.47		4.18		0.65	4.05	0.59
BT212-4-7-1QY	13.06	27.7		2.07		6.93		1.57		0.4		2.02		0.5	3.63		0.85		2.7		0.49	3.38	0.53
BT212-4-5-1QY	37.4	64.59		3.89		10.7		1.9		0.49		3.04		0.73	5.63		1.35		4.42		0.82	5.75	0.89
BT212-4-3-1QY	101.6	154		16.32		57.06		10.44		1.84		10.33		2	12.48		2.56		7.18		1.14	6.92	1.05
BT209-3-1-1QY	957.6	1 540.00		269.5		1 077.00		245.7		40.76		208.8		29.81	134		22.53		54.59		7.6	48.63	7.13
BT212-4-1-1QY	41.09	499.6		16.69		65.33		21.51		4.08		22.87		3.33	17.05		3.07		8.29		1.34	8.95	1.32
BT209-0-1QY	43.49	95.73		10.76		41.42		7.36		1.22		5.92		0.97	5.46		1.11		3.18		0.52	3.4	0.52
样品编号	w_B/10^-6								LREE/HREE		(La/Yb)_N			δEu			δCe		(La/Sm)_N			(Gd/Yb)_N	(La/Ce)_N
样品编号	Y		ΣREE		LREE		HREE		LREE/HREE		(La/Yb)_N			δEu			δCe		(La/Sm)_N			(Gd/Yb)_N	(La/Ce)_N
BT212-3-1QY	23.51		92.58		52.9		39.68		1.33		1.98		0.75			1.26		2.7		0.72			0.91
BT209-3-4-1QY	33.88		129.58		74.55		55.03		1.35		2.84		0.58			1.07		8.55		0.4			1.46
BT209-3-3-1QY	39.2		362.99		291.41		71.58		4.07		7.26		0.52			1.08		8.08		0.72			1.41
BT209-2-2-2QY	24.9		101.7		62.28		39.41		1.58		3.21		0.59			1.09		5.22		0.55			1.25
BT212-2-1QY	40.37		252.12		186.66		65.46		2.85		7.92		0.52			1.01		5.28		1.21			1.32
BT212-4-7-1QY	20.52		86.32		51.72		34.6		1.49		2.61		0.68			1.14		5.24		0.48			1.23
BT212-4-5-1QY	31.23		172.82		118.97		53.85		2.21		4.39		0.62			1.04		12.4		0.43			1.51
BT212-4-3-1QY	66.42		451.34		341.26		110.08		3.1		9.92		0.54			0.81		6.13		1.21			1.72
BT209-3-1-1QY	451.2		5 094.85		4 130.56		964.29		4.28		13.31		0.54			0.7		2.45		3.48			1.62
BT212-4-1-1QY	53.95		768.45		648.3		120.16		5.4		3.1		0.56			4.47		1.2		2.07			0.21
BT209-0-1QY	27.95		249		199.98		49.02		4.08		8.66		0.55			1.02		3.72		1.41			1.18

样号	w_B/10^-2								w_B/10^-6
样号	Na₂O	MgO	Al₂O₃	SiO₂	K₂O	CaO	FeO	TiO₂	Sc	Ga	Ag	Th	U	REE	Li
LA-01	0.2	1.91	60.2	31.6	2.41	0.25	0.75	2.07	39.2	79	—	80.5	23.2	110.76	3 040
LA-02	0.21	2.16	59.3	32.3	2.41	0.1	0.93	1.9	26.6	75.4	0.07	48.9	12.2	105.04	2 914
LA-03	0.31	1.47	62.2	30.2	2.75	0.05	0.64	1.81	23.3	81.2	0.16	44.1	12.9	56.36	2 307
LA-04	0.12	1.26	74.6	19.3	1.71	0.09	0.54	2.03	19.8	101	0.19	57.8	14	112.31	1 467
LA-05	0.22	2.06	57.4	31.8	2.5	0.04	2.25	2.96	24.8	70.8	0.1	53.1	12	109.86	2 691
LA-06	0.14	1.58	68.4	24.8	1.64	0.08	0.7	2.1	25.9	90.9	—	66.9	16	94.8	2 668
LA-07	0.14	1.23	70.1	21.8	1.85	0.01	0.66	3.76	22.3	91.7	—	62.1	16.5	115.01	1 727
LA-08	0.23	2.48	55.3	35.9	2.29	0.13	1.46	1.25	28.9	70.6	0.2	33	7.1	71.1	4 035
LA-09	0.15	1.36	67.3	25.2	2.16	0.15	0.81	2.3	26.1	87.7	0.19	64.7	13.9	99.3	2 691
LA-10	0.15	1.41	65.1	27.2	2.2	0.05	0.66	2.46	29.1	78	0.15	62.5	17.3	118.7	3 494
LA-11	0.19	1.4	67	25.7	2.33	0.07	0.67	2.02	24.2	83.7	0.18	43.3	11.2	80.58	2 669
LA-12	0.17	1.75	61.5	30.8	2.34	—	0.73	1.85	26.5	84.4	0.04	35	7.85	72.2	3 518
LA-13	0.14	1.21	69.6	24	2.39	0.04	0.47	1.61	23.3	91.2	—	46	12	100.43	2 307
LA-14	0.23	1.74	58.2	34.3	2.28	0.09	0.74	1.34	26.6	69.3	0.33	32.4	8.28	55.66	4 490
LA-15	0.16	1.39	67.8	24.5	2.39	—	0.59	2.58	23.6	89.8	—	51.5	12.2	93.04	2 247
LA-16	0.19	2.04	57.2	33.4	2.26	0.24	0.91	2.81	38	70	0.12	68.8	16.4	98.4	4 365
LA-17	0.58	2.48	80.6	—	2.51	0.36	0.88	11.7	57.4	81.6	6.1	256	80.9	355.25	3 572
LA-18	0.33	1.68	57.8	26.3	1.79	—	0.67	10.8	54.7	61.8	0.84	236	68.5	299.12	2 117
LA-19	0.24	1.38	46.7	41.8	1.52	0.28	0.54	7.17	39.5	49.5	0.23	207	50.9	228.85	1 689
LA-20	0.41	1.09	41.3	46.5	1.44	0.19	0.44	8.22	39.5	41.7	0.14	205	44.3	243.66	1 356
LA-21	0.37	1.1	38.2	44.4	1.36	—	0.46	13.7	55.1	42.6	0.22	305	73.9	297.41	1 479
LA-22	0.31	1.22	37.5	44.4	1.17	0.2	0.51	14.2	65.4	40.8	—	375	85.8	274.02	1 622
LA-23	0.66	0.83	43.9	49.5	3.87	0.08	0.28	0.65	34.5	37.4	0.01	21.4	4.48	77.1	867
LA-24	1.8	0.38	42.3	48.8	6.16	0.11	0.16	0.15	18	36.1	0.03	3.6	2.37	14.06	343